Data analysis:

This study utilized a multiple case study design, which is one of the approaches of qualitative research. Qualitative research differs from quantitative research in its use of non-statistical methods of analysis and reporting (Hans, 2009). According to Hans (2009), as illustrated as a jigsaw puzzle, analyzing qualitative data like the process of fitting and refitting the pieces to “a variety of tentative models until few unconnected pieces remain and the fit seems subjectively and logically satisfying”

Dey (1993) considered a process to analyze qualitative data as a circular process of describing phenomena, classifying it, and seeing how our concepts interconnect. In this process, according to him, the first step in qualitative analysis is to develop comprehensive descriptions of the phenomenon under study, which should include information about the context of an act, the intentions and meanings that organize action, and its subsequent evolution. The second step is classification. As stated by him, classification is a conceptual process. When classifying, two things must be done: breaking the data up into bits and assigning these bits to categories or classes which bring these bits together again, if in a novel way. Thus all the bits that ‘belong’ to a particular category are brought together; and in the process, the discrimination will still be done between the criteria for allocating data to one category or another. And finally, connections should be made in order to close the circle. According to Dey (1993), concepts are the building blocks of analysis; and in qualitative analysis, the first task is to create these building blocks. But building requires more than blocks, and the blocks must be brought together. Accordingly, connecting concepts is the analytic equivalent of putting mortar between the building blocks.

Beneficiary

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Likewise, Seidel (1998) also developed a useful model to explain the basic process of qualitative data analysis. The model consists of 3 parts: Noticing, Collecting, and Thinking about interesting things. These parts are interlinked and cyclical.

- Noticing: there are 2 levels of noticing. On a general level, noticing means making observations, writing field notes, tape recording interviews, and gathering documents, etc. When we do this, we are producing a record of the things that we have noticed. Once we have produced a record, we will focus our attention on that record, and notice interesting things in the record. We do this by reading the record. In fact, we will read the record many times. As we notice things in the record we name, or "code,” them.

- Collecting and sorting instances of things: This process is analogous to working on a jigsaw puzzle where we start by sorting the pieces of the puzzle, including breaking up, separating, or disassembling of research materials into pieces, parts, elements, or units. Then with facts broken down into manageable pieces, we will sort and sift them with the aim to assemble or reconstruct the data in a meaningful or comprehensible fashion.

- Thinking about things: In the thinking process we examine the things that we have collected in order to make some type of sense out of each collection, look for patterns and relationships both within a collection, and also across collections, and make general discoveries about the phenomena you are researching.

In conclusion, qualitative analysis is a process of resolving data into its constituent components to reveal its characteristic elements and structure (Dey, 2010). It is also understood as the process in which we move from the qualitative data that have been collected into some form of explanation, understanding or interpretation of the people and situation we are investigating (Taylor et al). Therefore, the aim of quality data analysis is more than just describing the data. It aims at interpreting, explaining, understanding, and perhaps even predicting the event or situation to answer the question of know-how, and why, as well as what.

Additionally, even though the process of analyzing qualitative data can be name differently by different social scientist, the core of qualitative data analysis actually lies in the related processes of summarizing transcribed data, coding the data into themes and generalizing from the themes.

Accordingly, the interview data in this study will be analyzed into 3 steps:

- Summarizing transcribed interviews within case analysis: Participant responses to each question were summarized and quotations were selected in order to illuminate the main points and get the context of the response. Table 6 presented how question summaries were arranged according to each respondent.

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Table 7 Summary of interview data by respondents in each case

Questions QAC’ Director Rectors of the University Deans of the Faculty 1 QA center Summary of Director’s response to Q1-5 2 Monitoring system 3 Evaluation instrument 4 Quality improvement 5 Staff’s expertise 6 Degree of training 7 Devolution of responsibility Summary of Rector ’s response to Q7-12 Summary of Dean’s response to Q7-9 8 Degree of centralization 9 Leadership 10 Funding 11 Oblige policy 12 Degree of autonomy

13 Curriculum Summary of Dean’s

response to Q13-14