All data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding 471
author by request.
472
23 473
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 474
This work has been supported by the research project AAEE 28/2014 of the Conselleria 475
d’Educació, Cultura i Universitats from the Balearic Islands Government. Manuel Miró acknowledges 476
financial support from the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) through project CTM2017-84763-C3-477
3-R (AEI/FEDER, EU).
478 479
DISCLAIMER 480
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
481 482
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Figure Captions 600
Fig. 1 Time-course variation of the concentration of sodium hypochlorite at pH 7.2 601
Fig. 2 Biocidal effect (logarithmic reduction) of Escherichia coli by the action of different 602
disinfection systems at pH 7.2 and 8.0. TRI, trichloroisocyanuric acid; HYP, sodium hypochlorite;
603
HYP + CYA, sodium hypochlorite combined with isocyanuric acid; ELEC, saline electrolysis; ClO2, 604
chlorine dioxide; BR, BCDMH; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide. Red line stands for 3 log reduction.
605
Grey bar indicates the range of detection limits.
606 607
Fig. 3 Biocidal effect (logarithmic reduction)of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the action of 608
different disinfection systems at pH 7.2 and 8.0. Red line stands for 3 log reduction. Grey bar 609
indicates the range of detection limits.
610 611
Fig. 4 Average Ct values (A) (mg min L-1) and (B) (µmol min L-1) of the disinfectants tested against 612
Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
613 614
Fig. 5 Cost-effectiveness analysis of chlorine-based and unconventional disinfectants.
615 616
30 617
Table 1 Disinfection systems and nominal concentrations of biocides used in this study 618
System Concentration Supplier
Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TRI)
2 mg L-1 free chlorine CTX-300 ClorLent, CTX Professional, Barcelona, Spain
Sodium hypochlorite 2 mg L-1 free chlorine Commercial solution (37% (w/w), Jabones Puig, Palma, Spain
Sodium hypochlorite + isocyanuric acid (CYA)
2 mg L-1 free chlorine + 75 mg L-1 CYA
Commercial solution, Jabones Puig; CTX-400, CTX professional
Saline electrolysis 2 mg L-1 free chlorine Salt: Jabones Puig
Chlorine dioxide 0.5 mg L-1 ClO2 Dioxpure (0.75% chloride dioxide), purity of 99.9%, Eminfor S.L, Barcelona, Spain
BCDMH 4 mg L-1 bromine CTX-130, CTX professional, Spain Hydrogen peroxide 10 mg L-1 H2O2 Commercial solution (50% (v:v) hydrogen
peroxide), Jabones Puig 619
31
Table 2 Biocide consumption in the course of the several phases of the experimental procedure 620
pH Phase
Disinfection systema
TRI HYP HYP + CYA ELEC ClO2 BR H2O2
7.2 Preparationb 0.9 ± 0.3 (g) 19 ± 1 (mL) 17.5 ± 0.9 (mL HYP) 18.9 ± 0.06 (g CYA)
1250 (g salt) 85 ± 7 (mL) 2.6 ± 0.2 (g) 5.7 ± 0.1 (mL)
Stabilization /h 0.044 ± 0.004 (g) 1.47 ± 0.03(mL) 0.5 ± 0.1 (mL HYP) --- 52.5 ± 3.5(mL) 0.065 ± 0.002 (g) 0.25± 0.05(mL) 8.0 Preparationb 0.74 ± 0.08 (g) 17.7 ± 0.2 (mL) 19 ± 4 (mL HYP)
18.90 ± 0.01 (g CYA)
1250 (g salt) 91 ± 13 (mL) 2.4 ± 0.1 (g) 5.7 ± 0.2 (mL)
Stabilization/h 0.06 ± 0.03 (g) 1.1 ± 0.4 (mL) 0.6 ± 0.2 (mL HYP) --- 46.2 ± 1.7(mL) 0.20 ± 0.01 (g) 0.40± 0.05(mL)
a TRI, trichloroisocyanuric acid; HYP, sodium hypochlorite; HYP + CYA, sodium hypochlorite combined with isocyanuric acid; ELEC, saline 621
electrolysis; ClO2, chlorine dioxide; BR, BCDMH; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide 622
b Replicate experimental values (n=3) to obtain the prescribed disinfection level 623
32
Table 3 Daily cost (€) for the usage of chemical disinfection systems evaluated in this pilot study at 624
pH 7.2 and 8.0 625
pH Concept Disinfection system a
TRI HYP HYP + CYA
ELEC ClO2 BR H2O2
7.2 Chemicals 8.4 9.5 6.5 39.2 5,720 55.4 66.4
Equipment - - - 17.2 - - -
Power supply - - - 2.9 - - -
pH control 11.6 11.5 13.6 15.9 9.9 17.7 18.8
Water renewal 93.2 63.0 93.2 63.0 63.0 63.0 63.0
Daily cost 113.3 83.9 113.3 138.2 5,793 136.1 148.2
8.0 Chemicals 9.3 7.9 8.6 39.2 5,171 80.0 80.8
Equipment - - - 17.2 - - -
Power supply - - - 2.9 - - -
pH control 2.3 2.5 10.0 1.6 3.34 1.62 4.21
Water renewal 93.2 63.0 93.2 63.0 63.0 63.0 63.0
Daily cost 104.8 73.4 111.9 123.9 5237 144.6 148.0
a TRI, trichloroisocyanuric acid; HYP, sodium hypochlorite; HYP + CYA, sodium hypochlorite combined 626
with isocyanuric acid; ELEC, saline electrolysis; ClO2, chlorine dioxide; BR, BCDMH; H2O2, hydrogen 627
peroxide 628
629
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Cl2l(ppm)
time (min)
Swimming pool concentration Nominal concentration Human contamination
Preparation phase
Stabilization phase Microbiological
contamination phase
Figure 1 Click here to access/download;Figure;Fig 1.pdf
0 2 4 6
20 60 300 600
Biocidal effect (logarithmic reduction)
Time (s)