Data collection in phase one

The data collection in phase one involved non-participant observation of the daily activities of participants in the ANC and individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews with the ten participants. An observation checklist and semi-structured interview guide were the research instruments used to generate data for this phase in the study. The objectives of this phase included to describe midwives‟ current screening practices for IPV among pregnant women PHASES IN THE

STUDY

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES METHOD OF DATA

COLLECTION Phase One:

Investigating the current midwives‟ screening practice for IPV

 To describe midwives‟ current screening practices for IPV among pregnant women in a northern Nigerian hospital.

 To determine and describe the factors that influence the

midwives‟ screening of pregnant women for IPV in a northern Nigerian hospital.

 Non-participant observation using observation checklist.  Individual face-to-face

interview using a semi- structured interview guide.

Phase Two: Midwives‟ used of the AAS tool to screen pregnant women for IPV

 To determine the challenges encountered by midwives in using the AAS tool among pregnant women in a northern Nigerian hospital.

 Non-participant observation using observation checklist.

Phase Three: Affirming the challenges observed and adapting the AAS tool through an FGD

 To adapt the AAS tool for

screening pregnant women for IPV in northern Nigeria.

 FGD held after two months of the midwives screening pregnant women for IPV with the AAS tool.

Phase Four:

Adaptation of the AAS tool (based on findings from phases two and three of the study to use and confirm it) for suitability in the context of Nigeria

 To develop and confirm the IPV Screen tool for pregnant women in Nigeria as a modification of the AAS tool.

 Letter of attestation from midwives to confirm the suitability of the new IPV screening tool.

46 in a northern Nigerian hospital and to determine and describe the factors that influence midwives‟ screening practice of pregnant women for IPV in a northern Nigerian hospital. The data from this phase would form a baseline to know if the midwives screen for IPV and the tool use, which would informed the adaptation of a screening tool.

3.9.1.1. Non-participant observation

This is the act of taking into cognizance a phenomenon being studied in the research setting through listening, watching, asking casual questions and taking field notes as events are unfolding. It may also entail using a checklist designed according to the research objectives. The researcher is seen and known as an outsider to the group under study because he/she does not participate in the daily routines of the organisation (Creswell, 2013).

In the present study data collection started with the non-participant observations, which were conducted by the researcher from 1 September to the end of October 2016. The researcher visited the ANC from Monday to Friday every week from 08h00 to 14h00 to observe the participants when they were attending to pregnant women as data collection. Consent was obtained from the midwives to participate in the study during the recruitment of study participants. The consent of the pregnant women were obtained prior to the observation each day to different pregnant women that the midwives were interacting with. The researcher observed all the activities of the participants during their interactions with pregnant women in the ANC using a checklist (Appendix F) and took field notes. The commonly observed activities included checking of blood pressure, weight, urine testing and health education. The researcher observed each of the ten participants at different times and days within a period of two months. The notes that were taken were later developed and elaborated as field notes. Field notes are detailed accounts of occurrences in the research setting observed by a researcher that contains a descriptions of events as they unfold and the reflective thoughts of the researcher (Polit & Beck, 2012). These notes also form part of the data that are analysed, as suggested by Polit and Beck (2012).

The non-participant observation was conducted to inform the individual face-to-face interviews with each participant to determine and describe the factors that influence midwives‟ screening practice of pregnant women for IPV in a northern Nigerian hospital. 3.9.1.2. Individual face-to-face interviews

The individual face-to-face interviews were conducted with ten participants using a semi- structured interview guide developed by the researcher from the findings obtained from the

47 non-participant observations and in line with the study objectives (Appendix G). The data collection and preliminary data analyses for individual face-to-face interviews started in November and ended in December 2016.

Each of the interviews lasted for one hour. They were all audio-recorded after seeking the permission of the participants. The interviews took place in either a private cubicle or the private offices of senior midwives in the ANC. Only one participant was interviewed per day due to the tight working schedule of the participants. This also gave the researcher adequate time for transcribing and conducting preliminary data analysis, which helped towards saturation and determination of sample size.

The interviews were conducted around midday when the participants had finished attending to pregnant women. A socio-demographics form was presented to each participant to fill in before the commencement of each interview. For the interview one opening question was read out to each participant for their response: „To screen for IPV is therefore to apply a standardised tool to a pregnant woman with a view to determine if she has been victim of IPV. In the context of what I have just explained to you about screening, after two months of observing you, I notice you people have not been screening, why?‟ The researcher also asked probing questions as per the interview guide as well as for further clarification on how they practice IPV screening.

The first two objectives of the study were covered by the interview method, i.e. to describe midwives‟ current screening practices for IPV among pregnant women in a northern Nigerian hospital and to determine and describe the factors that influence midwives‟ practice of screening pregnant women for IPV in a northern Nigerian hospital.

The data were transcribed immediately after the interview session was over and preliminary data analysis was conducted; this helped towards saturation and determination of sample size. Each participant‟s transcript was stored in a file according to the date of the interview and a number allocated to each participant for identification. These were all saved in the researcher‟s computer with a password. These transcripts were stored and saved on an external hard drive as a back-up, in case of any accident or damage to the researcher‟s computer. The hard copy of the transcribed data was stored in a cupboard under lock and key. At the end of phase 1 the researcher gave each participant a copy of the original AAS tool and explained its contents to them. The participants were asked to familiarise themselves with

48 the AAS tool for two weeks before they commenced the screening of pregnant women using the AAS tool.