What you figured out
Part 4. Data/Observations
Do NOT open the plates! Most of the bacteria will be harmless, but some could make you sick!
Draw what you see in your plate:
How many bacteria grew in each section?
Location Number of Bacteria
1.
2.
3.
4. Control
• Did anything grow in your control section?
• If something grew in a group’s control section, could they be sure the bacteria in the other sections came from where they swabbed? Why or why not?
Part 5. Conclusions.
• Claim: Where did you find the most bacteria?
• Evidence: How do you know?
1 2 3 4
Part 6. Investigate through Reading
• Read the Bacteria! article to learn more about growing bacteria.
Part 7. Explain What You’ve Learned
Write a letter to Mr. Pugh telling him where you found the most bacteria in your classroom. Explain what grew on your agar plate and what those results mean. Be sure to tell what a bacteria colony is.
Lab 4: Fungus Lab Name________________________
Teacher ______________________
Academic (circle) 1 2 3 4 Part 1. Background Knowledge
Deagle’s Dairy has a special cow named Henrietta that gives lots and lots of milk.
Last Friday, she was stolen. The police searched the house of the prime suspect in the case, Farmie Hand. They found cow manure caked on a pair of boots and in the tires of his truck. Farmie says he wasn’t near the dairy this weekend. He says the cow manure is old; it’s from a trip to the dairy that he made three weeks ago.
The police noticed a fungus growing on the cow manure. They want to know what kind of fungus it is and what it is doing on the manure. Hopefully, this will help them figure out if Farmie is telling the truth.
Part 2. Question
What types of fungus are growing on the cow manure?
What could you use to try to figure out what kind of fungus is on the manure?
____________________________________________
Part 3. Procedures
First, you need to learn about the structure of fungi. You will look at the body of a fungus, called hyphae. You will also look at a mushroom, which releases spores for reproduction.
Your group will also be given a sample of a fungus reproductive structure growing on cow manure. You will a) study and draw the fungus using a hand lens; b) look at the fungus under a microscope and draw it in detail; c) use the dichotomous key to figure out what type of fungus it is.
Part 4. Data
1. Hyphae: Hyphae make up the main _______________ of a fungus.
Look at the pictures and slide of the hyphae. Draw some hyphae here:
2. Mushroom: Mushrooms are an example of the _______________________ structure of a fungus. They reproduce by releasing _____________.
Look at the mushrooms. Inside the cap you will see a row of gills. These gills release spores. Draw a picture of the gills here:
3. Your Dung Fungus: Write the sample number for your fungus here: __________
• Draw your fungus after looking at it through a hand lens:
• Draw your fungus after looking at it through the microscope:
• Use the dichotomous key. What type of fungus is on your manure?
Part 5. Conclusions
• Claim: What is the scientific name of the fungus in your sample?
What Phylum is it in?
Name________________________
Teacher ______________________
Academic (circle) 1 2 3 4 Part 6. Investigate through Reading
• Read the article, “Yummy, it’s a (Cow) Pie.”
• Use the article to create a chart showing how many days after the manure is dropped that each type of fungus begins to grow.
Part 7. Explain What You’ve Learned
Write a letter to Officer Bovine, the police investigator for this case. Tell him how old you think the cow manure is, and why you think so. Be sure to explain what the fungus is doing on the manure and why fungus is a good way to tell the age of the cow manure. Remember, he needs to understand well enough to explain it to a jury! Write at least 2 paragraphs.
Grasshopper Dissection Lab Name________________________
Teacher ______________________
Academic (circle) 1 2 3 4 Part 1. Background Knowledge
In this lab, we will dissect a large grasshopper, which is in the arthropod phylum. What kingdom is the arthropod phylum in? _____________________
We should review some things about the human body before we look at the grasshopper’s body. We’ll focus on the skeletal and muscular systems for this lab.
Skeletal system:
• Look at the skeleton of a human. An adult human has 206 bones!
• Find a place where two bones meet. What is that called? ______________________
• What does having joints allow us to do? _____________________
• Look at the backbone. It is really made up of lots of bones joined together. What are these bones called? _______________________
• What does our skeleton do for us? ________________________________________
Muscular system:
We have three kinds of muscles, but we will look here at the ones that help us move.
• What do muscles attach to? __________________________
• Muscles can only pull on bones. They can’t push. Therefore, each joint has to have at least ____ muscles.
Part 2. Question:
We are going to look at lots of parts of the grasshopper, but we want to answer the question:
What makes up the grasshopper’s skeleton?
Parts 3/4. Data and Procedures.
Group Members:
A. Operating room director: Reads the lab sheet out loud to the group and keeps the group on task.
B. Data Transcriber: Carefully records the group’s findings for others to copy later.
C. Doctor: Handles the grasshopper while the group studies the outside of it; Hold it steady for the surgeon while the group looks inside it. (2 gloves)
D. Surgeon: Cuts the grasshopper as needed when the group studies the inside of it. (1 glove)
Grasshopper Body Plan
1. A grasshopper, like all insects, is made up of three main body sections. Find the three main body section on your grasshopper, and then label them on the picture below.
2. All insects have the same number of legs. How many legs does the grasshopper have?
_______
Which body section are the legs connected to? ______________________
3. Look at the grasshopper’s back legs, which are used for jumping. How many joints are on that leg?_____
Now, starting at your hip, count how many joints are on a human leg (don’t forget your toes!).______
4. The wings on a grasshopper lay folded along the grasshopper’s back when it is not flying. Find the wings and gently unfold them. What color is the hind wing?
____________
Which body section are the wings connected to? _________________
Grasshopper Gender
5. You need to figure out if your grasshopper is a male or a female. Female
grasshoppers have two pointed body parts sticking off the end of the abdomen. These are used to deposit eggs. The end of the abdomen of male grasshoppers is blunt. Is your grasshopper male or female? ____________
Grasshopper Sensory Organs
6. Carefully remove the wings from one side of your grasshopper. Look just above where the grasshoppers jumping leg connects to the body. You should see a circle.
This is the tympanum, which functions as the grasshopper’s ear! It is a membrane that senses vibrations, just like the membrane in our ears that we call the “ear drum.”
What color is the tympanum?_______________________
7. Now turn your grasshopper to look at its “face.” Grasshoppers have 5 eyes. Two of them are large, compound eyes. Three of them are called “simple” eyes because they can only detect light and dark. Find the eyes. You may need a magnifying glass to see the simple eyes.
8. Find the antennae. The antennae are used to feel. Notice that these are also jointed.
How would having jointed antennae be more helpful than having straight antennae?
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Antennae are also used to sense chemicals. Humans sense chemicals in two places.
One of them is on our tongue. Where is the other place (think what else is on our face...)? _________________________
Inside the Grasshopper
10. Lay the grasshopper on the tray so that the side without wings is facing up. Notice that there is a ridge along the grasshopper’s back. Starting at the tip of the abdomen, cut just to the side of that ridge all the way to the end of the thorax. Try to cut only the outside covering without damaging the organs inside. Do not stick the scissors very deep into the grasshopper.
11. Now cut straight down the thorax so that you can open the grasshopper.
12. The inside of a grasshopper is mushy and confusing. If you have a female, you may have a covering of eggs over the internal organs. If so, gently pull back the egg layer and cut it off.
13. Here is a diagram of the inside of a grasshopper. Try to find three parts in your grasshopper. What three parts did your group find?
________________________________________________
The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
14. Gently move the mushy insides around and look for bones. What did you find?
_____________________________________________________________________
15. Gently pull off one of the jumping legs. Cut off the covering and look inside the fattest segment of the leg. You will see a clump of muscle. In humans, muscles connect to bones. What do these muscles connect to?
____________________________________________________________
Part 5. Conclusions.
A) Claim: What makes up the grasshopper’s skeleton?
B) Evidence: What did you find in the grasshopper that helped you figure out what kind of skeleton it had?
Name________________________
Teacher ______________________
Academic (circle) 1 2 3 4 Part 6. Investigate through Reading
• Read pages 347-349 (Stop at “Origin of Arthropods”) in your textbook. Remember that grasshoppers are a type of arthropod!
Part 7. Explain What You’ve Learned
One of your friends missed this lab and needs help for the test. He or she is going to need to know how human skeletons and muscles compare to grasshopper skeletons and muscles. Write your friend a letter telling how the human and grasshopper skeletal and muscular systems are the same and different. Use what you read in your textbook and what you learned from the lab to write the letter. You need at least 3 paragraphs.
_____________________________________________________________
APPENDIX D READING MATERIALS Reading 1: A Broken Window
Reading 2: Diffusion: Molecules in Motion
Reading 3:Transport In and Out of Cells (Adapted from National Geographic Society, 2002, p. 74-77.)
Reading 4:Osmosis (Used from Coolidge-Stoltz et al., 2002, p. 58.) Reading 5:What is Respiration?
Reading 6: Valerie Cervenka: Using Insects to Solve Crimes (Adapted from Jackson, 2002, p. 22-31.)
Reading 7: Some Things are Just Plain Weird
Reading 8: Virus (Adapted from Coolidge-Stoltz, et al., p. 204-209) Reading 9: Bacteria: The Good, The Bad, and Getting Rid of the Ugly Reading 10: Bacteria!
Reading 11: Yummy, It’s a Cow... Pie
Unless otherwise noted, the reading materials were written by the researcher.
A Broken Window
Somebody threw a baseball through Mrs. Garcia’s window. ♦ Mrs. Garcia called Marcus, the neighborhood detective, to try to find out who it was. ♦
Marcus got there twenty minutes later, and asked her what happened. ♦
“Well, the school band was practicing outside. It was so loud I couldn’t hear a thing.♦ When the band stopped playing at 4:30, I went in my den to watch TV. That’s when I saw the broken window.”♦
“Do you have any idea who might have thrown the ball?” asked Marcus.
Mrs. Garcia pointed out her window. “Any one of those three kids could have done it.”♦
Marcus looked out the window. Ivan and Jessica were talking in the street, and Christopher was walking toward them. ♦ Marcus didn’t know Ivan and Jessica very well, but Christopher was known for causing trouble. ♦
Stop. Change Readers.
“Do you know any of those kids?” Marcus asked Mrs. Garcia.
“Only the one in the green baseball cap. ♦ He does not like me because I yell at him for upsetting my cat. He always chases my Nipsy and tries to pull her tail.”♦
“I’ll be back soon, Mrs. Garcia,” said Marcus. “Just let me ask them a few questions.”♦
Marcus studied the group as he walked up. Christopher was showing a baseball glove to the other two. ♦Jessica looked up and smiled at Marcus, but Ivan pulled his green baseball cap low and looked away. ♦
“Hey,” said Marcus. “I’m trying to find out who threw that baseball through Mrs.Garcia’s window. Know anything about it?” ♦
“I don’t know a thing,” said Jessica. “My mom just dropped me off about five minutes ago to meet Ivan.”♦
Stop. Change readers.
Ivan nodded, “Yeah, she just got here.”♦
“You have a baseball glove, Christopher. Where’s the ball?” said Marcus.♦
“I don’t have one with me. I just got this new glove and was coming down to show it to Jessica and Ivan. I thought one of them would have a ball.”♦
“Not me,” said Ivan. “I’ve just been here waiting for Jessica. I didn’t even see anything because I wasn’t looking at the house.”♦
“Well did you hear anything?” asked Marcus.♦
“How could he have heard anything?” Jessica said, “The band was too loud to hear a thing!”♦
“Yeah,” said Christopher. “You got the wrong people. None of us had anything to do with it.”
“I don’t think that’s true,” said Marcus. “I know which one of you did it.”♦