No. Answer Derivation
133. c Conceptual.
134. a Conceptual.
135. c $380,000 + $510,000 + $425,000 = $1,315,000.
136. a $160,000 + $200,000 + $275,000 = $635,000.
EXERCISES
Ex. 12-137
Intangible assets have three main characteristics: (1) they are identifiable, (2) they lack physical existence, and (3) they are not monetary assets.
Instructions
(a) Explain why intangibles are classified as assets if they have no physical existence.
(b) Explain why intangibles are not considered monetary assets.
Solution 12-137
(a) Intangible assets derive their value from the rights and privileges granted to the company using them.
(b) Intangibles are not considered monetary assets because they do not derive their value from the right (claim) to receive cash or cash equivalents in the future.
Ex. 12-138
Intangible assets may be internally generated or purchased from another party. In either case, what costs should be included in the initial valuation of the asset is an issue.
Instructions
(a) Identify the typical costs included in the cash purchase of an intangible asset.
(b) Discuss how to determine the cost of an intangible asset acquired in a non-cash transaction.
(c) Describe how to determine the cost of several intangible assets acquired in a “basket purchase.”
Solution 12-138
(a) The typical costs included in the purchase of an intangible asset are: purchase price, legal fees, and other incidental expenses.
(b) In a non-cash acquisition of an intangible asset, the initial cost of the intangible is either the fair value of the consideration given or the fair value of the intangible received, whichever is more clearly evident.
(c) When several intangible assets are acquired in a “basket purchase”, the cost of the individual assets is based on their relative fair values.
Ex. 12-139
Why does the accounting profession make a distinction between internally created intangible assets and purchased intangible assets?
Solution 12-139
When intangible assets are created internally, it is often difficult to determine the validity of any future service potential. To permit deferral of these types of costs would lead to a great deal of subjectivity because management could argue that almost any expense could be capitalized on the basis that it will increase future benefits. The cost of purchased intangible assets, however, is capitalized because its cost can be objectively verified and reflects its fair value at the date of acquisition.
Ex. 12-140—Short essay questions.
1. What are intangible assets?
2. How are limited-life intangibles accounted for subsequent to acquisition?
Solution 12-140
1. Intangible assets are assets that derive their value from the rights and privileges granted to the company using them. They provide services over a period of years and are normally classified as long-term assets. Examples are patents, copyrights, franchises, goodwill, trademarks, and trade names.
2. Limited-life intangibles are amortized by systematic charges to expense over their useful life.
In addition, they are reviewed for impairment each year. Impairment occurs when the recoverable amount is less than the carrying amount of the intangible asset. The intangible asset is reduced for the amount by which its carrying value exceeds the recoverable amount at year end.
Ex. 12-141
If intangible assets are acquired for shares, how is the cost of the intangible determined?
Solution 12-141
If intangible assets are acquired for shares, the cost of the intangible is the fair value of the consideration given or the fair value of the consideration received, whichever is more clearly evident.
Ex. 12-142
Redstone Company spent $180,000 developing a new process (economic viability not achieved), $55,000 in legal fees to obtain a patent, and $91,000 to market the process that was patented. How should these costs be accounted for in the year they are incurred?
Solution 12-142
The $180,000 should be expensed when incurred as research and development expense.
The $91,000 is expensed as selling and promotion expense when incurred. The $55,000 of costs to legally obtain the patent should be capitalized and amortized over the useful or legal life of the patent, whichever is shorter.
Ex. 12-143
Intangible assets have either a limited useful life or an indefinite useful life. How should these two different types of intangibles be amortized?
Solution 12-143
Limited-life intangible assets should be amortized by systematic charges to expense over the shorter of their useful life or legal life. An intangible asset with an indefinite life is not
amortized.
Ex. 12-144
What are factors to be considered in estimating the useful life of an intangible asset?
Solution 12-144
Factors to be considered in determining useful life are:
a. The expected use of the asset by the company.
b. The effects of obsolescence, demand, competition, and other economic factors.
c. Any legal, regulatory or contractual provisions that enable renewal or extension of the asset’s legal or contractual life without substantial cost.
d. The level of maintenance expenditure required to obtain the expected future cash flows from the asset.
e. Any legal, regulatory, or contractual provisions that may limit the useful life.
f. The expected useful life of another asset or a group of assets to which the useful life of the intangible asset may relate.
Ex. 12-145
Barkley Corp. obtained a trade name in January 2014, incurring legal costs of $20,000. The company amortizes the trade name over 8 years. Barkley successfully defended its trade name in January 2015, incurring $4,900 in legal fees. At the beginning of 2016, based on new marketing research, Barkley determines that the recoverable amount of the trade name is
$16,500.
Instructions
Prepare the necessary journal entries for the years ending December 31, 2014, 2015, and 2016. Show all computations.
Solution 12-145 2014
Dec. 31 Amortization Expense - Trade Name 2,500
Trade Name 2,500
($20,000 ÷ 8 years) 2015
Dec. 31 Amortization Expense – Trade Name 3,200
Trade Name 3,200
[($20,000 - $2,500 + $4,900) ÷7 years]
2016
Dec. 31 Loss on Impairment 2,700
Trade Name 2,700
Carrying value = $20,000 - $2,500 + $4,900 - $3,200 = $19,200 Carrying value = $19,200
Recoverable amount = (16,500) Loss on impairment = $ 2,700 2016
Dec. 31 Amortization Expense – Trade Name 2,750
Trade Name 2,750
($16,500 ÷ 6 years) Ex. 12-146
Listed below is a selection of accounts found in the general ledger of Marshall Corporation as of December 31, 2015:
Accounts receivable Research & development costs
Goodwill Internet domain name
Organization costs Initial operating loss
Prepaid insurance Non-competition agreement Radio broadcasting rights Customer list
Notes receivable Video copyrights Trade name
Instructions
List those accounts that should be classified as intangible assets.
Solution 12-146
Goodwill Non-competition agreement
Radio broadcasting rights Customer list
Trade name Video copyrights
Internet domain name
Ex. 12-147
Define the following terms.
(a) Goodwill (b) Bargain purchase Solution 12-147
(a) Varying approaches are used to define goodwill. They are:
Goodwill is measured as the excess of the cost of the purchase over the fair value identifiable of the net assets acquired.
Goodwill is sometimes referred to as a plug, a gap filler, or a master valuation account.
Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from the other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized.
(b) A bargain purchase occurs when the fair value of the identifiable net assets purchased is higher than the cost. This situation results from a market imperfection. In this case, the seller would have been better off to sell the assets individually than in total.
However, situations do occur (e.g., a forced liquidation or distressed sale due to the death of the company founder), in which the purchase price is less than the value of the identifiable net assets.
Ex. 12-148—Carrying value of patent.
Sisco Co. purchased a patent from Thornton Co. for $220,000 on July 1, 2012. Expenditures of
$68,000 for successful litigation in defense of the patent were paid on July 1, 2015. Sisco estimates that the useful life of the patent will be 20 years from the date of acquisition.
Instructions
Prepare a computation of the carrying value of the patent at December 31, 2015.
Solution 12-148
Cost of patent $220,000
Amortization 7/1/12 to 7/1/15 [($220,000 ÷ 20) × 3] (33,000)
Carrying value at 7/1/15 187,000
Cost of successful defense 68,000
Carrying value 255,000
Amortization 7/1/15 to 12/31/15 [$255,000 × 1/(20 – 3) × 1/2] (7,500)
Carrying value at 12/31/15 $247,500
Ex. 12-149—Accounting for patent.
In early January 2014, Lerner Corporation applied for a patent, incurring legal costs of $60,000. In January 2015, Lerner incurred $9,000 of legal fees in a successful defense of its patent.
Instructions
(a) Compute 2014 amortization, 12/31/14 carrying value, 2015 amortization, and 12/31/15 carrying value if the company amortizes the patent over 10 years.
(b) Compute the 2016 amortization and the 12/31/16 carrying value, assuming that at the beginning of 2016, based on new market research, Lerner determines that the recoverable amount of the patent is $48,000.
Solution 12-149
(a) 2014 amortization: $60,000 ÷ 10 yrs. = $6,000
12/31/14 carrying value: $60,000 – $6,000 = $54,000 2015 amortization: ($54,000 + $9,000) ÷ 9 yrs. = $7,000
12/31/15 carrying value: ($54,000 + $9,000) – $7,000 = $56,000
(b) Loss on impairment: $56,000 carrying value – $48,000 recoverable amount = $8,000 2016 amortization: $48,000 ÷ 8 yrs. = $6,000
12/31/16 carrying value: $48,000 – $6,000 = $42,000 Ex. 12-150
Under what circumstances is it appropriate to record goodwill in the accounts? How should goodwill, properly recorded on the books, be written off in accordance with IFRS?
Solution 12-150
Goodwill is recorded only when it is acquired through a business combination. Goodwill acquired in a business combination is considered to have an indefinite life and therefore should not be amortized, but should be tested for impairment on at least an annual basis.
Ex. 12-151
Fred’s Company is considering the write-off of a limited life intangible asset because of its lack of profitability. Explain to the management of Fred’s how to determine whether a writeoff is permitted.
Solution 12-151
Accounting standards require that if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable, then the carrying amount of the asset should be assessed. If the recoverable amount is less than the carrying amount, the asset has been impaired. The impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount of the asset. The recoverable amount of assets is the higher of fair value less costs to sell or value-in-use. Value-in-use is the present value of cash flows expected from the future use and eventual sale of the asset at the end of its useful life.
Ex. 12-152
Leon Corp. purchased Spinks Co. 4 years ago and at that time recorded goodwill of
$300,000. The Sinks Division’s net assets, including goodwill, have a carrying amount of
$720,000. The recoverable amount of the division is estimated to be $750,000.
Instructions
(a) Explain whether or not Leon Corp. must prepare an entry to record impairment of the goodwill. Include the entry, if necessary.
(b) Repeat instruction (a) assuming that the recoverable amount of the division is estimated to be $650,000.
Solution 12-152
(a) The recoverable amount of the division ($750,000) exceeds the carrying amount of its assets ($720,000). Therefore, goodwill is not impaired and no entry is necessary.
(b) The recoverable amount of the division ($650,000) is less than the carrying amount of its assets ($720,000). Therefore, goodwill is impaired. The amount of the impairment loss is $70,000.
Loss on Impairment……… 70,000
Goodwill………. 70,000
Ex. 12-153
Presented below is information related to copyrights owned by Wamser Corporation at December 31, 2014.
Cost $2,700,000
Carrying amount 2,350,000
Recoverable amount 1,500,000
Assume Wamser will continue to use this asset in the future. As of December 31, 2014, the copyrights have a remaining useful life of 5 years.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entry (if any) to record the impairment of the asset at December 31, 2014.
(b) Prepare the journal entry to record amortization expense for 2015.
(c) The recoverable amount of the copyright at December 31, 2015 is $1,600,000. Prepare the journal entry (if any) necessary to record this increase in fair value.
Solution 12-153
(a) December 31, 2014
Loss on Impairment... 850,000
Copyrights... 850,000
Carrying amount $2,350,000
Recoverable amount 1,500,000
Loss on impairment $ 850,000
(b) December 31, 2015
Amortization Expense... 300,000
Copyrights... 300,000 New carrying amount $1,500,000
Useful life ÷ 5 years
Amortization $ 300,000
(c)
Copyrights... 400,000
Recovery of Impairment Loss... 400,000 [$1,600,000 – ($1,500,000 – $300,000)]
Ex. 12-154
Research and development activities may include (a) personnel costs, (b) materials and equipment costs, and (c) indirect costs. What is the recommended accounting treatment for these three types of R&D costs?
Solution 12-154
(a) Personnel type costs incurred in R & D activities should be expensed as incurred.
(b) Materials and equipment costs should be expensed immediately unless the items have alternative future uses. If the items have alternative future uses, the materials should be recorded as inventories and allocated as consumed and the equipment should be capitalized and depreciated as used.
(c) Indirect costs of R & D activities should be reasonably allocated to R & D (except for general and administrative costs, which must be clearly related in order to be included) and expensed.
Ex. 12-155
Recently, a group of university students decided to incorporate for the purposes of selling a process to recycle the waste product from manufacturing cheese. Some of the initial costs involved were legal fees and office expenses incurred in starting the business, and stamp taxes. One student wishes to charge these costs against revenue in the current period.
Another wishes to defer these costs and amortize them in the future. Which student is correct and why?
Solution 12-155
These costs are referred to as start-up costs, or more specifically organizational costs in this case. Accounting for start up costs is straightforward—expense these costs as incurred. The profession recognizes that these costs are incurred with the expectation that future
revenues will occur or increased efficiencies will result. However, to determine the amount and timing of future benefits is so difficult that a conservative approach—expensing these costs as incurred—is required.
Ex. 12-156
Vasquez Manufacturing Company decided to expand further by purchasing Wasserman Company. The statement of financial position of Wasserman Company as of December 31, 2015 was as follows:
Wasserman Company Statement of Financial Position
December 31, 2015
Assets Equity and Liabilities
Plant assets (net) $1,025,000 Share capital-ordinary $ 800,000
Inventory 275,000 Retained earnings 885,000
Receivables 550,000 Accounts payable 375,000
Cash 210,000
Total assets $2,060,000 Total equity and liabilities $2,060,000
Ex. 12-156 (cont.)
An appraisal, agreed to by the parties, indicated that the fair value of the inventory was $350,000 and the fair value of the plant assets was $1,125,000. The fair value of the receivables is equal to the amount reported on the statement of financial position. The agreed purchase price was
$2,095,000, and this amount was paid in cash to the previous owners of Wasserman Company.
Instructions
Determine the amount of goodwill (if any) implied in the purchase price of $2,095,000. Show calculations.
Solution 12-156
Purchase price $2,095,000
Less tangible net assets acquired:
Book value ($2,060,000 – $375,000) $1,685,000
Appraisal increment—inventory 75,000
Appraisal increment—plant assets 100,000
Total fair value of tangible net assets acquired 1,860,000
Goodwill $ 235,000
PROBLEMS
Pr. 12-157—Intangible assets.
The following transactions involving intangible assets of Minton Corporation occurred on or near December 31, 2014. Complete the chart below by writing the journal entry(ies) needed at that date to record the transaction and at December 31, 2015 to record any resultant amortization. If no entry is required at a particular date, write "none needed."
On Date On
of Transaction December 31, 2015 1. Minton paid Grand Company $500,000 for the
exclusive right to market a particular product, using the Grand name and logo in promotional material. The franchise runs for as long as Minton is in business.
2. Minton spent $600,000 developing a new manu-facturing process (economic viability not achieved). It has applied for a patent, and it believes that its application will be successful.
3. In January, 2015, Minton's application for a patent (#2 above) was granted. Legal and registration costs incurred were $140,000. The patent runs for 20 years. The manufacturing process will be useful to Minton for 10 years.
4. Minton incurred $172,000 in successfully defend-ing one of its patents in an infrdefend-ingement suit. The patent expires during December, 2018.
Pr. 12-157 (cont.)
5. Minton incurred $480,000 in an unsuccessful patent defense. As a result of the adverse verdict, the patent, with a remaining unamortized cost of $252,000, is deemed worthless.
6. Minton paid Sneed Laboratories $104,000 for research and development work performed by Sneed under contract for Minton. The benefits are expected to last six years.
Solution 12-157
On Date of Transaction On December 31, 2015
1. Franchise... 500,000 1. “None needed.”
Cash... 500,000
2. Research and 2. "None needed."
Devel. Expense.... 600,000
Cash... 600,000
3. Patents... 140,000 3. Patent Amortization
Cash... 140,000 Expense... 14,000
Patents... 14,000 4. Patents... 172,000 4. Patent Amortization
Cash... 172,000 Expense... 43,000
Patents... 43,000 5. Legal Fees Exp.... 480,000 5. “None needed.”
Cash... 480,000 Patent Expense. . . 252,000
Patents... 252,000
6. Research and 6. "None needed."
Devel. Expense.... 104,000
Cash... 104,000
Pr. 12-158—Goodwill, impairment.
On May 31, 2015, Armstrong Company paid $3,400,000 to acquire all of the common stock of Hall Corporation, which became a division of Armstrong. Hall reported the following statement of financial position at the time of the acquisition:
Non-current assets $2,700,000 Equity $2,500,000
Current assets 900,000 Non-current liabilities 500,000 Current liabilities $ 600,000 Total assets $3,600,000 Total equity and liabilities $3,600,000
Pr. 12-158 (cont.)
It was determined at the date of the purchase that the fair value of the identifiable net assets of Hall was $2,800,000. At December 31, 2015, Hall reports the following statement of financial position information:
Current assets $ 800,000
Non-current assets (including goodwill recognized in purchase) 2,400,000
Current liabilities (700,000)
Non-current liabilities (500,000)
Net assets $2,000,000
It is determined that the recoverable amount value of the Hall division is $2,100,000.
Instructions
(a) Compute the amount of goodwill recognized, if any, on May 31, 2015.
(b) Determine the impairment loss, if any, to be recorded on December 31, 2015.
(c) Assume that the recoverable amount of the Hall division is $1,800,000 instead of
$2,100,000. Prepare the journal entry to record the impairment loss, if any, on December 31, 2015.
Solution 12-158
(a) Goodwill = Fair value of the division less the fair value of the identifiable assets.
$3,400,000 – $2,800,000 = $600,000.
(b) No impairment loss is recorded, because the recoverable amount of Hall ($2,100,000) is greater than the carrying value ($2,000,000) of the new assets.
(c) Computation of impairment loss:
Recoverable amount of Hall division $1,800,000
Carrying value of division 2,000,000
Loss on impairment $ (200,000)
Loss on Impairment... 200,000
Goodwill... 200,000