10 . THE DEVELOPMENT AND PERFECTION OF THE FIVE ORBS

The orb of the heart includes the ^pulse

.

Its splendor shows in the complexion

.

It ^rulesover the kidneys

.

The orb of the lungs includes the skin

.

Its splendor shows in the bodyhair

.

It ^rulesoverthe heart

.

Theorb of the liver includesthemuscles.Itssplendor shows in the nails

.

It rules over the^lungs

.

The orb of the spleen includes the flesh

.

Itssplendor shows in thelips

.

It rules over the liver

.

The orb of the kidneys includes the bones. Its splendor shows in the hairon the head.It rules over the^spleen.

If one eats too ^salty, the pulse hardens, tears appear, and the complexion changes

.

If one eats too bitter, the skin withers and the ^body hair falls out

.

If one eats too pungent, the muscles become knotty and the nailsdecay

.

If one eats too sour, the flesh first hardens, then wrinkles and the lipsbecomeslack

.

If one eats too sweet, the bones ache and the hair on the head fallsout

.

Theseare the^injuriescaused ^by the five flavors

.

21

.

The StructureoftheBody 167 The heart desires bitter food

.

Thelungsdesire pungent food.

The liverdesiressourfood. Thespleendesiressweetfood. Thekidneysdesiresaltyfood.

Thesearethe harmonies^brought aboutby the five flavors. Theenergiesof the orbsdulyappearin thecomplexion:

Green likegrass meansdeath.

Yellow likeoranges means death

.

Black likecoal means death

.

Red like blood means death.

White like dried bonesmeans death

.

Thus thefivecolorsindicatedeath

.

On the other hand,

Green like the^kingfisher’^swings meanslife

.

Redlike a rooster’s combmeanslife

.

Yellow like the belly ofacrabmeanslife

.

White like thegreaseof pigs means life

.

Black like the wingsof a crow meanslife

.

Thus five colors indicate life.

Lifein the heartappearslikea robe’s vermilionlining

.

Life inthelungs appearslikea robe’^spink lining

.

Life in the liver appearslike a robe’^{s violetlining}.

Lifeinthestomach appearslike a robe’^{sjuniperberrylining}

.

Lifeinthekidneys appearslikea robe

’

^{s purplelining}

.

Thus the five orbs indicate life

.

Allcolorsand flavors belong toanorb:

White belongsto thelungs;sodoes the pungent flavor

.

Red belongsto the heart;sodoesthe bitter flavor

.

Green belongsto the liver;sodoes thesour flavor

.

Yellowbelongsto thestomach;so does the sweet flavor

.

Black belongsto the kidneys;sodoes thesaltyflavor

.

Thus,

Whitealso correspondstotheskin

.

Redalsocorresponds tothe pulse

.

Green alsocorrespondstothe muscles

.

Yellow also correspondstothe flesh

.

Black alsocorresponds to the bones

.

The pulseis then connected with the^eyes

.

The marrowisthen connected with the brain

.

The muscles are then connected with thejoints

.

The blood isthen connected with the heart.

The energy isthen connected with thelungs

.

The four limbs and ^eight joints are moving from morning to night

.

^Only when ^people lie down to rest^, the blood flows back to the liver

.

The liver receives the blood andonecansee

.

The feet receivethe blood andone can walk

.

The palms receivethe blood andone can grasp things

.

Thefingers receivethe blood and onecan liftthings

.

When a person is exposed to the wind, either lying down or walkingabout,the blood will coagulate

.

Whenit coagulatesin the skin,thereisnumbness.

Whenitcoagulatesin thepulse,thereisobstruction

.

When it coagulates in thefeet, therearechills

.

In all three cases, the blood enters the ^organs and cannot recoverits propercourse

.

Thus thereare numbness and chills

.

22. The Body asthe World

Three texts document the vision of the body as the world

.

The firstis the classical myth about Pangu,from whose body the world is first created

.

The^story,first found in the third

-

century textSanwuliji

(Recordofthe Three and Five⁾andinthe^Shuyiji(Tales of Marvels⁾of the fifth century, is here cited after its version in the Yunji qiqian Yuangi Bun ⁽Discourse on Primordial Energy; 56.1b

-

^2a)

^.

^{The same}

mythisalsocitedwithLaoziasthecreatorin the Xiaodao lun⁽Laugh^¬ ing at the Tao⁾, an anti

-

^{Taoist polemic} of the sixth ^century

.

^{It docu¬}

ments an anthropomorphic vision of the cosmos, the close correspondenceof the natural and social world to the human^body

.

Thesecond selection istaken from theNeiguanjing ⁽Scripture on Inner Observation⁾, found in DZ ⁶⁴¹, fasc. 342 ⁽lb

-

^3a)

^.

^This

Tang

-

^dynasty set of Taoist meditation instructions documents the concrete application of the cosmic vision of the body

.

Placed in the

22.TheBodyas the World 169 mouthof the Highest Venerable Lord, itshows how everysingleset of universal forces enters the body and keeps it alive

.

The transla^¬ tion istaken from Kohn 1989b

.

Third, there is the last section of the Laozi daode jing xujue

(Introductory Explanations to Laozi’s Daode jing⁾

.

^{This is} a Dunhuang manuscript listed under the numbers S

.

75^and P

.

2370 and conveniently edited in Ofuchi 1979: 509. The part translated here is commonlydated to the fifth^century

.

It isan early and very clearexample of how a Taoist developshis body into the cosmos in meditation

.

Performing purifications and ^assembling the protector gods around him, he places himself in the very center of all the directions, symbolized by the four sacred animals and the eight trigramsof theYijing

.

On Pangu and his creation, see Erkes 1942, Maspero 1981:

340. The Neiguan jing is translated in full and discussed in Kohn 1989b. For studies of the body in Taoism, see Schipper 1978 and 1982, Kohn 1991a

.

“PanguTransforms HisBody,” from Yuanqi lun Pangu died and transformed hisbody.

Hisbreath became the wind and the clouds

.

His voicebecame the thunder

.

Hislefteyewasthe sun

.

His right eyewasthemoon.

Hisfour limbschangedtobethefourcompass points

.

His five limbs became the five sacred mountains

.

Hisblood and bodyfluids turnedintostreams and rivers

.

His muscles andsinewsbecamesolid earth

.

His fleshbecame arableland

.

Hishair turned intostars.

His body hair turnedinto grassand trees.

His teeth and bones were transformed intogold and minerals

.

His marrowchanged into pearls and jade

.

Hissweat was therainand the moistureof theland

.

Thegerms in his^body were carried off^bythe wind.

Theybecame the massof the people.

Neiguan jing (Scripture on Inner Observation⁾

[lb^] The Venerable Lord said:

Heaven and earth mingle their essences;yin and yangengage in interchange

.

^{Thus the} myriad beingscome tolife, each receiving

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Fig.16.Pangu,theCreator.Source^:Sancai tuhui^.

Copyrighted material

22

.

TheBodyasthe World 171 a particular life: yet all are alike in that ^they have a share in the life

-

^givingTao

^.

When fatherand mother unite in harmony,man receiveslife

.

In the first month,essenceand bloodcoagulate in the womb

.

In the second month, the embryo beginsto takeshape. In thethird month, theyangspirit arouses the three^spirit

souls to come to life

.

In the fourth month, theyinenergysettles the seven materialsoulsasguardiansofthe body

.

In the fifth month,the five ^agentsare distributed to the five orbstokeep theirspirit at peace.

In thesixth month, thesix pitchesareset upin thesix intestines nourishingthe vitalenergy

.

In the seventh month,theseven essentialstarsopenthe ^body orificesto let thelight in

.

In the eighth month, theeightluminantsdescend with their true vitalenergy

.

In the ninth month,the various palacesand chambers are properly arranged to keep theessencesafe

.

In the tenth month,theenergy is strong enough tocomplete theimage.

People’s feeding on primordial harmony is never interrupted

.

The Lord Emperor of the Great One resides in the head

.

He is called the Lord of the Niwan Palace

.

He governs the host ofspirits

.

What makes life shine forth and letsman know ofthespiritsis his spirit soul

.

[2a^] Siming, the Ruler of Fates, residesin the heart

.

He regu^¬ lates the prime energies of life

.

^Wuying occupies his left, from where he regulates the three spirit souls. Baiyuan occupies the right, from where he regulates the seven material souls. Taohai resides in the navel,where he preservesthe root ^oftheessence

.

What makes the various joints of the body function together are the hundred manifestations of the spirit of life

.

As it pervades the whole of the body, spirit is not empty

.

When primordial energy entersthrough the nose and reaches the niwanin thecenter of the head, the spirit light radiates and the body is stable and at peace. For all movement and rest^, however, it fully depends on the mind. This is how life first begins

.

Whenyou nowobserveyourself indetail and with care,beware of the mind

.

As the ruler of the self it can prohibit and control

everything

.

It is responsible for the propriety of the body spirits

.

The mind is the spirit

.

Its changes and transformations cannot be fathomed.It does nothave afixedshape

.

In the five orbs,thefollowing spirit manifestations reside:

Thespiritsoulin the liver; the material soulin thelungs; theessencein thekidneys; theintention inthe^spleen; the spirit inthe heart

.

Their appellations vary in accordance with their respective po^¬ sitions

.

The heart belongs to the agent fire

.

Fire is the essence of the south and of greater yang

.

Above it is governed by the planet Mars; below it corresponds to the heart

.

^[2b^] Its color is red and it consists of three valves that resemble a lotus leaf

.

As the light of

pure spiritisrooted there, it is namedaccordingly

.

Spirit is neither black nor white, neither red nor yellow, nei^¬ ther big nor small, neither short nor long, neither crooked nor

straight,neithersoftnor hard,neither thick nor thin,neither round nor square

.

It goes on changing and transforming without mea^¬ sure, merges with yin and yang, greatly encompasses heaven and earth, subtlyenters thetiniest bladeofgrass

.

Controlled it is straightforward; let loose it goes mad

.

Purity and tranquility make it live;defilements and nervousness cause it to perish. When shining it can illuminate the eight ends of the universe

.

When darkened it willgo wrongeven in one single direc^¬ tion

.

You need only keep it empty and still, then life and the Tao will spontaneously be permanent

.

Always preserve an attitude of non

-

^action,and the self will ^prosper

.

Spirit is shapeless; thus it cannot ^{be named}

.

All good and bad fortune, all success and failure^only come from thespirit

.

Thus the sage will always preserve a straightforward relation to the ruler and the government^, to the established rewards and punishments, and to the lawsand regulations of the administration

.

He sets an

examplefor others

.

^The reason why people find it hardtosubmit to rules and regulations is found in their minds

.

When the mind is pure and calm,all the many problemsof misfortune don’tarise

.

All ups and downs, life and death, all vicissitudes and evils arise from the mind

.

^[3a^] All foolishness and delusion, love and hate,all accepting and rejecting,coming and going, all defilements and attachments, as well as all entanglement and bondage arise

22.The Bodyasthe World 173 gradually from becoming involved in things. Madly turning hither and thither, tied up and fettered, one is unable to get free

.

Thus oneisboundfor ^periland destruction

.

Oxen and horses when led properly can ^easily wade through the marsh

.

When let ^loose, however, they will sink in deeper and deeper and can never^get out ^again by themselves

.

Sothey have to die

.

People are justlike this: when first bom their original spirit is pure and tranquil, profound and unadulterated

.

But then people graduallytake in shaped objects

.

Thosewillinduecourse defile the sixsenses:

Theeyeswillcovet color

.

Theears will^beobstructed ^bysound

.

The mouth will beaddicted to flavors

.

The nosewill always takeinsmells

.

The mind will beintentonrefusingand coveting

.

The body will desire to be slimmerorfatter

.

From all these ups and downs of life no one isable to wake up by himself.Thus thesages with compassionate consideration estab^¬ lished the doctrine to teach people to reform. They made them use innerobservationof theself and body inorderto^purifythe mind

.

Laozi daode jing xujue (Introductory Explanations toLaozi’s Daodejing⁾

These are thesecretinstructionsof the HighestLord

.

First bum incense and straighten your robes, greet the ten directions with three bows each.Concentrateyour mind inside and visualize MasterYin and the Master on the River, as well as Laozi, theGreat^Teacherof the Law

.

Thenopenthe text and recite thefollowinginyourmind: Mysterious, again mysterious,theorigin ofTao,

Above,virtue incorporateschaos and theprime

.

Heaven’^{s truthiswonderful,yet howfar,alas!}

Comingcloser, nowthereistheGreat Lordof Niwan

.

In ^my room, theseven jewelscometogether, Doorsand windowsopenof themselves. Utterin my purity, Istrivefordeeper truth, Ridingonbright light,Iascend the purple sky

.

Sun and moon shinetomyright and left, I^goto the immortals,find eternal life

.

Allseven ancestorsrise, are rebornin heaven^,

The world,howtrue,isthegatetovirtueandtoTao

.

Finish this mental recitation,thenclapyourteeth and swallow the saliva ^thirty

-

^{six timeseach}

^.

^{Visualize the}green dragon toyour left, the white tiger to your right, the red bird in front of ^you, and the dark warrioratyour back

.

Your feet stand between the eight trigrams; the divine turtle and the ^thirty

-

^{six masters bow to you}

^.

^{In front of you, you see the}

seventeen stars; yourfive inner orbs give forth the five energies;a network patternstreams acrossyour body.

On three sides you are ^{joined by} an attendant, each having a retinue of a thousand carriages and ten thousand ^horsemen.Eight thousand jade maidens and jade lads of heaven and earth stand guard for you

.

Then ^repeat the formula, this time aloud, and begin to recite the five thousand words of the scripture

.

Conclude by three times clappingyourteeth and swallowingthesaliva.

23

.

The World in theBody

Just as the body is the world, so also is the world in the body

.

Not only is there another sun and moon, are there palaces and towers, mountains and rivers, but the active practitioner can and should also wander among them^, make their acquaintance, and feel athome in himselfastheuniverse

.

TheChongyangzhenren jinguan yusuojue⁽MasterChongyang

’

^s

Instructions on the Golden Gate and Jade Lock⁾ is a text of Com^¬ plete Perfection Taoism found in DZ 1156, fasc. 796. Written in a

question

-

^and

-

answer pattern, it consists of practical instructions Wang Chongyang,thefounderof Complete Perfection in the twelfth century,givestohis disciples.

It is not a systematic or particularly well

-

^{organized text but}

presents acollection of methodsquite paralleltoeach other

.

^Some

specify cures for diseases, others deal with particular situations likely to be encountered ^by practitioners, others again are medi^¬ tation instructions, especially of inner alchemy

.

However, since the text seems to go back to Wang Chongyang’^{s immediate envi¬} ronment, it provides a useful window to the concerns and prac

-23.The WorldintheBody 175 tices of ^Complete Perfection Taoists

.

Its Buddhist influence is obvious

.

The section translated below ⁽18a

-

^20a) describes a spiritual and mediational journey through the body

.

The body appears as an inner landscape, with rivers and mountains, towers and ^pal¬ aces,guardsand gods, witches and demons

.

As the meditator trav^¬ els along its mysterious routes, he or she is instructed torecognize the various physical features in their symbolic and spiritual dimensions

.

For a discussion of the text, see Tsui 1991: 41

-

^{48 (including}

translations of partsother than the section chosen here⁾

.

For more on the worldin thebody,see Rousselle 1933, Schipper 1982.

Chongyang zhenren jinguan yusuo jue ⁽Master Chongyang’s InstructionsontheGolden Gate and Jade Lock⁾

[18a^]For those who practice thiscultivation^[of theTao^],there is the great road of the teaching without and the straight route within

.

It is just that ordinary people do not even know this is there

.

As you move ahead on theinner route for three miles,you will first come to three great torrents

.

^They are quite bottomless

.

How do they relatetoyou, past and future?

Let meexplain

.

These threegreat torrents are the Three Teach^¬ ings, the Three Vehicles

.

With their help one can be free from the Three Forms of Death, acquire the ThreeTreasures, and go beyond the Three Worlds

.

As you then travel further, after another three miles, you will come tosix deep ditches.They areso wide thatyou cannot proceed beyond them

.

Whatgateways do they represent?

Let me explain

.

These six ditches are the six bodhisattva vir^¬ tues ^[paramitas^] with their myriad practices

.

^{They help} to calm and purify the six senses, behead the six robbers^[of sensual indul^¬ gence^],control the six forms of sexual attraction,and establish the sixstages^[towardenlightenment^].

Then again you move on for ^yet another three miles

.

You will see three freshly built rafts.These are the precious rafts of purity.

Theyare near the Seven Forests^{, ready}totransportyou awayfrom the dead

.

[18b^{] [}Traveling now by raft^], another three miles further on^, you will then come to a garden

.

^This is known as the Fruitbearing Garden

.

It is guarded by an old man. Anyone with karma of the

past who wants to pass has first tolayit all down

.

^You may only go on empty

-

^handed

^.

Let ussay you managetomove past thegarden

.

Another three miles further on your way, you notice an enormous tree.Agolden ox is tethered to it

.

At this point on the bank of the river, several splendid terracesappear:

Men’s Yellow Gold Terrace,

Men’s Yellow Gold Terrace,

In document Taoist Experience (Page 175-198)