Chapter 7 Future Work and Concluding Remark
7.6. Device: Flexible Electronics and Solar Cell
Flexible electronics is a technology for assembling electronic circuits by
mounting electronic devices on flexible substrates. Its flexibility, lightweights,
and space savings allow fabricating thin display devices, satellite powers, or
145
semiconductor FET on flexible substrates, which is based on solution-process
such as spin-coating or self-assembled monolayer method. One direction is
development of flexible electronics based on NCs, which provide both advantages
of solution-processability and good electric properties as inorganic materials.
Especially ink-jet printing or various solution process of NC ink would be
promising for cost-down and easy fabrication.
Figure 7.7. Examples for flexible electronics: (a) An Olympus Stylus camera
without the case, (b) a foldable keyboard, and (c) a flexible substrate for FET
146
Since the photovoltaic effect was found by A. E. Becquerel in 1839, people have
investigated the fundamental science and its application for solar cell. Especially
the current energy consumption requires new energy resources, such as solar,
wind, geothermal; of these renewable resources, solar energy shows the largest
opportunity to solve increasing global demands. Air mass 1.5 (AM1.5) is the
standard spectrum for the photovoltaic area, which is corresponding to the sun
being at 42o and an integrated power density of 100mW/cm2. The most common
solar cells are based on Si, CdTe, CIGS (copper-indium-galium-sulfur or selenide)
materials, which are only able to catch the visible range of sunlight. One third of
the solar spectrum locates beyond 1000 nm, which requires developing infra-red
active materials to maximize the photovoltaic efficiency.
Figure 7.8. The standard air mass (AM) 1.5 global solar spectrum. ETR is
147
location on Earth would receive if there was no atmosphere or clouds. Global Tilt
displays spectral radiation from solar disk plus sky diffuse and diffuse reflected
from ground on south facing surface tilted 37o from horizontal. Direct represents
Direct Normal Irradiance nearly parallel (0.5o divergent cone) radiation on surface
with surface normal tracking (pointing to) the sun, excluding scattered sky and
reflected ground radiation. Circumsolar shows Spectral irradiance within ±2.5o
field of view centered on the 0.5o diameter solar disk, but excluding the radiation
from the disk.130
NC-based solar cells have advantages of good tunability in band gap and band
offset, solution-proccessability, and effective charge separation through large
surface area. Recently there are promising results of NC-based solar cells,131-133
which could enlarge the field of NC electronics and photonics.
7.7. Conclusion
Overall, this thesis covers a whole variety of nanoscience from synthesis,
precursor and surface chemistry, structure-dependent function of nanomaterials,
self-assembly, and nanomaterial-based devices. Chapter 2 demonstrates a new
methodology to control the morphology of lead chalcogenide NCs, which was
further investigated to understand precursor chemistry in Chapter 3. This led to a
study of the electronic structure and phonon modes of anisotropic NCs in lead
148
Chapter 5 introduces a new type of NC surface chemistry that allows for the phase
transfer of NCs into polar solvents, formation of compact NC films to enhance
coupling between neighboring NCs, and the introduction of reporter ligands to
provide valuable information on the surface chemistry for NCs. Chapter 6
describes a study of electronic transport in anisotropic lead chalcogenide systems,
especially focused on the importance of molecular charge transfer doping at the
device interfaces. The direction of further research and investigation is discussed
in Chapter 7, identifying the potential in these studies to better bridge molecular
149
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