Devolved as a Percentage of Devolvable Expenditure for Selected Functions/States

Functions showing appreciable devolution of devolvable expenditure across states are further broken down by sub-heads to illustrate the percentages devolved. Functions are taken in the four categories shown in table 1: Livelihoods, Infrastructure, Health & Education, and Anti Poverty & Social Welfare. The breakdown by sub-heads is possible only for Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Rajasthan consolidates all devolved expenditure under heads 196, 197 and 198, with the exclusion of general education (2202). Orissa shows no appreciable devolution under any head other than anti- poverty schemes.

Livelihoods

Heads Functions MP CH RJ OR

2401 Crop husbandry 20.41 1.75 0.09 0.00

2402 Soil & water conservation 0.00 0.00 85.99 0.00

2702 Minor irrigation 56.31 8.54 9.52 0.00

2245(01) Drought 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2403 Animal husbandry 10.35 4.09 0.00 0.00

2405 Fisheries 24.70 35.28 26.73 0.00

2406(01) Forestry 0.00 0.00 16.76 0.00

Crop Husbandry (2401)

Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Devolvable components (lakh) Total Devolved (%) (lakh) Total Devolved (%)

102 Food grain crops 2891 24.55 1000 0.00

103 Seeds 1587 2.87 960 2.08

105 Manures and fertilizers 68 0.00 117 26.52

107 Plant protection 7 0.00 173 0.00

108 Commercial crops 4480 27.54 4851 2.27

119 Horticulture and

vegetable crops 1962 67.13 1868 0.00

800 Other expenditures 7699 6.61 224 0.00

Total (including non

devolvable) 36999 20.41 14527 1.75

Horticulture in MP has the maximum devolution of 67.13 percent followed by Commercial crops, food grain crops and other expenditure. These components in Chhattisgarh are at zero percent devolution except for the commercial crops where it is only 2.27 percent.

Chhattisgarh devolves 26.52 percent in manures and fertilizers but MP devolves nothing.

Minor Irrigation (2702)

Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Devolvable components (lakh) Total Devolved (%) (lakh) Total Devolved (%) 01 (Surface water)

101 Water tanks 530 36.28 156 0.00

Total (including non devolvable) 530 36.28 156 0.00 02 (Ground water)

103 Tubewell 243 100.00 2706 12.27

Total (including non devolvable) 243 100.00 2706 12.27 03 (Maintenance)

101 Water tanks NA NA 882 0.00

102 Lift irrigation schemes NA NA 72 0.00

103 Tubewell NA NA 71 0.00

Total (including non devolvable) -- -- 1025 0.00

Surface water that has only one component shows 36.28 percent devolution in MP, and 0 percent in Chhattisgarh. A huge difference is noted in ground water. There is 100 percent devolution seen in MP whereas it is only 12.27 percent in Chhattisgarh. However, the amount allocated for tubewells in Chhattisgarh is much bigger than that of MP implying that there is larger scope for local

groundwater management, once local devolution is completed in Chhattisgarh.

Fisheries (2405)

Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Devolvable components (lakh) Total Devolved (%) (lakh) Total Devolved (%)

101 Inland fisheries 1768 23.62 900 31.41

120 Fisheries cooperatives 154 29.15 11 92.38

800 Other expenditure 43 0.00 13 0.00

Total (including non

devolvable) 2993 24.70 1160 35.28

Chhattisgarh leads MP in fisheries by 10 percent. Components show that cooperatives account for this difference in the aggregate. The absolute figures show that though the amount allocated for cooperatives in Chhattisgarh is far less than that in MP, almost the whole of it has been devolved to give a percentage figure as close to 92.38 percent leaving behind MP with only 29.15 percent. Chhattisgarh is ahead of MP in inland fisheries also. The allocated sum for MP is again bigger than that of Chhattisgarh, but the percentage devolved is just the reverse, it is 23.62 percent in MP and 31.41 percent in Chhattisgarh. No devolution is seen in other expenditure in both these states.

Animal Husbandry (2403)

Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Devolvable components (lakh) Total Devolved (%) (lakh) Total Devolved (%) 101 Veterinary services and

animal health 772 48.72 252 49.73

102 Cattle and buffalo development 5952 7.93 5025 3.03

103 Poultry development 728 0.00 696 0.00

104 Sheep and wool development 182 0.00 32 0.00

105 Piggery development 79 0.00 123 0.00

106 Other live stock development 59 0.00 168 0.00 107 Fodder and feed development 174 0.00 41 0.00

800 Other expenditure 908 0.00 910 0.00

Total (including non devolvable) 19685 10.35 11522 4.09

Veterinary services show equivalent devolution across states, yet because the funding provision for this is much higher in MP as a percent of the aggregate devolvable, the total devolved percentage is higher in MP.

Village & Small Industries (2851)

Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Devolvable components (lakh) Total Devolved (%) (lakh) Total Devolved (%) 102 Small scale industries 1799 0.00 502 0.00

103 Handloom industries 768 0.35 203 0.00

104 Handicraft industries 798 0.00 482 0.00

105 Khadi industries 902 0.00 721 0.00

107 Sericulture industries 1851 14.82 1986 6.55

110 Cooperatives 574 43.50 196 19.12

200 Other village industries 1604 0.00 469 0.00 Total (including non devolvable) 10016 6.35 4647 3.67

Cooperatives and sericulture are the only components showing some devolution in both states.

Infrastructure

Heads Functions MP CH RJ OR

2215 (01) Water supply 25.48 5.55 7.26 0.00

3054 (04) District and other roads 0.00 0.00 0.0006 10.42

No devolution in roads and bridges here means that the responsibility for the maintenance of rural roads, and any funding under the PMGSY for maintenance of district rural roads, is not under panchayats but is under the control of the state rural roads development agency.

Water Supply and Sanitation/Water Supply (2215/01)

MP Chhattisgarh Devolvable compfonents (lakh) Total Devolved (%) (lakh) Total Devolved (%)

102 Rural water supply programs 9686 25.48 21446 5.55 Total (including non devolvable) 26210 25.48 29041 5.55

The only devolvable component found in water supply is the rural water supply program, which is far more devolved in MP than in Chhattisgarh.

Health and Education

Heads Functions MP CH RJ OR

2202 (01) Elementary education 12.23 31.45 34.55 0.00 2202 (04) Adult education 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.44 2210 (03,

General Education/ Elementary Education (2202/01)

MP CH RJ

Devolvable components (lakh) Total Devolved (%) (lakh) Total Devolved (%) (lakh) Total Devolved (%) 101 Government primary schools 202023.49 3.18 77134.28 24.24 132429 0.00 102 Assistance to non government

primary schools 2375.83 0.00 749.90 0.00 3105 0.00 103 Assistance to local bodies for

primary education 21262.00 100.00 8800.00 100.00 101667 90.96 105 Non formal education NA NA 90.00 0.00 26617 0.00 108 Text books 620.39 0.00 103.00 1.94 NA NA 800 Other Expenditure NA NA 556.25 0.00 3228 0.00 Total (including non devolvable) 229743 12.23 90719 31.45 291397 34.55

This is the only four-digit budget head with a separate sub- head (103) for assistance to local bodies for primary education. Thus, the amounts devolved under this head are visible even for Rajasthan. Even under this budget sub-head, no funds are transferred in Orissa.

Anti Poverty, Social Welfare

The eight programs included under this section target mostly for the rural development and rural employment to combat the serious poverty issues prevailing in our country. The other welfare programmes apart from family welfare include social security and welfare, and welfare funding for SC, ST and OBCs as shown in what follows.

Heads Functions MP CH RJ OR

2501 Special programs for rural

development 86.16 73.53 99.90 100.00

2515 Other rural development

programs 94.33 85.72 99.29 100.00 2505 Rural employment 100.00 100.00 100.00 96.50 2216 (03) Rural housing 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 2211 Family welfare 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2236 (02) Distribution of nutrition 13.38 0.48 0.00005 0.00 2235 (02,

60) Social security & welfare 41.99 41.72 1.25 0.00 2225 Welfare of SC, ST & OBC 24.41 0.89 8.71 0.00

Devolution is high by Central direction across all four states. Rural housing also shows 100 percent devolution in both MP and Chhattisgarh because of the dedicated demands and full grant-in-aid under Indira Awas Yojana. The sub-head constituents of the other functions are shown below.

Nutrition/ Distribution of Nutritious Food and Beverages (2236/02) Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Devolvable components (lakh) Total Devolved (%) (lakh) Total Devolved (%) 101 Special nutrition programme 33855 13.38 20998 0.48 Total (including non devolvable) 33855 13.38 20998 0.48 There is no appreciable devolution of expenditure, as might have been expected for the welfare of rural women and children.

Social Security and Welfare

Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh

Devolvable components (lakh) Total Devolved (%) (lakh) Total Devolved (%) Social Welfare (02)

101 Welfare of handicapped 878 7.48 662 0.00

102 Child welfare 24003 0.0021 10452 0.10

103 Women’s welfare 2149 8.01 807 9.23

104 Welfare of aged, infirm and

destitute 15 0.00 NA NA

105 Prohibition 30 0.00 41 0.00

107 Assistance to voluntary org. 221 0.00 203 1.97

200 Other Programmes 399 10.33 158 0.00

800 Other expenditure 616 0.00 319 0.00

Total (including non devolvable) 30469 0.99 13414 0.71 Other social security (60)

101 Personal accident insurance

scheme for poor families 140 100.00 NA NA

102 Pensions under social

security schemes 19864 100.00 8900 100.00

105 Government employees

insurance scheme 4 100.00 NA NA

800 Other expenditure 1 100.00 1 0.00

Total (including non devolvable) 20037 100.00 8925 99.98 Social security is highly devolved, dominated by old age pensions in both states. The social welfare component is equivalently dominated by the large provision for child welfare, which is not devolved at all.

Welfare of SC, ST and OBCs

Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Devolvable components (lakh) Total Devolved (%) (lakh) Total Devolved (%) Welfare of SC (01)

102 Economic development 1213 92.91 677 66.61

277 Education 24454 40.69 1991 0.00

800 Other expenditure 6746 0.00015 820 0.30

Total (including non devolvable) 33493 34.18 3675 13.00 Welfare of ST (02)

102 Economic development 181 0.00 4631 0.00

277 Education 22367 31.74 41827 0.06

794 Special central assistance for

tribal sub plan 5756 0.00 NA NA

800 Other expenditure 2990 0.00 924 0.00

Total (including non devolvable) 33549 22.69 48887 0.05 Welfare of Backward Classes (03)

277 Education 10346 0.00 2579 0.00

800 Other expenditure 406 0.00 239 0.00

In the first two categories, the degree of devolution in Madhya Pradesh is far ahead of Chhattisgarh.