Packs of securities representing more than half of the total amount of material in the world for the manufacture of packaging. Basic materials for packaging of paper are: materials mainly made from waste paper, paper made from cellulose (kraft or kraft paper), parchment paper, crepe paper, chrome paper, reinforced paper.
Materials made of waste paper are used only for the barest protection product
from dirt and damage. From gray jacket (šrenc securities) which is obtained exclusively from the less valuable unsorted waste paper, make the sacks and bags for fruit and vegetables.
Cellulosic securities are firmer and more beautiful appearance, and are used
for sensitive and expensive items as wrapping paper for groceries (for packing rolls) and wood-free paper packaging colonial goods Coffee, tea, rice, etc.). As a wrapping paper, in the case of special requirements in terms of strength and for the manufacture of paper bags, used kraft (kraft) paper that is getting special sulphate process, also used for making bags and corrugated cardboard. If required for fat stock impervious, then the pulp paper was treated with sulfuric acid to give the parchment paper, which is used for food packaging.
For packaging irregular products when the paper has to adapt to the form of the product or when the inevitable minor deformation of the package, is used crepe paper. For multicolored (eg. For chocolate, cigarettes and labels) are used so- called. chromo paper whose surfaces are coated, coated fillers and binders. Paper impermeable to moisture, steam and aroma is obtained by coating emulsions or solutions of waxes and paraffin. In a similar manner can be prepared by powder- coated paper by applying a thin layer of plastic, polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride. These combinations have proven to be very suitable for bulk packaging.
In cases where we want to achieve greater strength paper is used, the reinforced paper. Serve as reinforcement fiber cotton, glass, nylon (depending on the stresses to which the securities will be subject). This paper is used for packaging, and building insulation.
The most common commercial forms of packaging paper are: transport bags and bags. Transport bags of paper are made by stitching or gluing of special solid Knaf securities. They can be produced from one or more layers of paper. Sometimes the use of paper of different weights, and often combined with layers of melamine paper or a metal foil, ie. plastics. Application bag in a transportation package is very large. Most consumers bag are: building materials industry, the industry of precious products (flour, sugar, animal feed, vegetables), the industry of fertilizers and other chemical products (paints, varnishes, detergents, pesticides, etc.). Bags are made of various kinds of paper for packaging, and today it is increasingly used in packing bags of cellophane and plastics primarily by manufacturers of goods in the stores with self-service.
Cardboard and corrugated cardboard is different from the paper by weight. Of all
the materials for packaging, corrugated cardboard has experienced the largest growth. The above-mentioned material, number of layers and their types are combined according to load requirements. VICE used form of carton boxes. They are used for the commercial packing a large number of products, acesta and to replace wooden crates. The boxes are produced in large quantities of various shapes and sizes.
Glass packaging and the use of glass as a packaging material based on its high
chemical resistance, resistance to atmospheric conditions, transparency, good design skills and a solid raw material base. As transport packages occurs in the form of
account information balloons, bottles, crates or frames. As commercial packages used for small glass products for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. Glass packaging can be feedback (especially beer bottle). Glass for the production of packaging can be transparent or colored. Coloured glass is used to prevent the adverse impact of ultraviolet rays or for decorative reasons. Glass containers are sterilized (when full pasteurized products), and must be resistant to sudden changes in temperature that occur during pasteurisation or sterilization. These packages have drawbacks such as fragility, brittleness, high density, complicated package and is relatively expensive.
Packs of plastics may be as light as packs of paper, a porous and impermeable to
gases and vapors as glass packaging (although there are plastic materials that do not leak gas and aroma, and permeable to water vapor). Insects do not attack the plastic materials to feed them (as a paper), plastic materials are resistant to chemicals and atmospheric conditions, the surface is smooth and can be well colored. The mechanical properties of the needs may be different from soft and flexible to hard and tough. Products packed this packaging can be completely closed in order to protect from dust, water and others. Some of these materials may be applied in the temperature range from -60% to 200%. They are used in a variety of forms, and the main form of packaging is foil. Foil is an essential component of most complex packaging material, in addition to films of plastics are produced bottles and vessels for liquids of different sizes and shapes, dishes for solid and semi-liquid materials, boxes, balloons, tubes, etc.
Metal packages are used because of its good physical and mechanical
properties, and goods that are packed in these packages can very well to withstand all kinds of manipulation without damage. The lack of metal packaging is insufficient chemical resistance due to the susceptibility of nearly all technical metal corrosion. To create metal packaging commonly used: steel, aluminum, lead and tin. The most famous form of metal packaging cans are constructed in the most of the protein sheet, cold-rolled strips and aluminum. Tin cans used for canning food products. Cans must be hermetically sealed in order to prevent the penetration of micro-organisms and air. Metal tubes are used in various industries, cosmetics, chemical industry, pharmacy and food industry.
Wooden packages are the first type of modern packaging. Wood is one of the
oldest packaging materials. As the wooden packaging dysfunctional, they are now replaced with lighter material (cardboard), which has the advantage of low weight, which is very important when it comes to transport costs. Properties of wooden packages depend largely on the type of wood from which it is made. From the point of packing the most important properties of wood are its flexural strength and impact resistance. For the production of wooden packaging used semi-mechanical wood processing: lumber, softwood (especially food), various some sawmills (beech and poplar), veneers, plywood and others. There are a large number of crates in order by size, and shape: without cover, with cover, to enter into some kind of special crates. For transport and storage of liquid and semi-liquid materials used barrels. Oak barrels are the most appropriate when it comes to aging alcoholic drinks, while the transport of solid materials used fir, spruce and beech. Here, the high share of wooden packaging in the structure of production and consumption of
packaging, while in developed countries it considerably less (below 2%). A large number of standards for wood packaging - with us is even 115 (out of 311 in the area of packaging), of which almost half older than 25 years.
Textile packaging used to enhance the protection of packaged materials,
simplify the packaging process and improve the appearance of the package. Textile materials are often combined with other materials in the form of a laminate. Such conjoint layered material according to need, is impregnated for water resistance, for the purpose of resistance to mold and in order to reduce flammability. Textile fabrics are used mainly for making bags, as bale wrappers and covers for protection of goods in transport and storage. Bags are mostly made of fabric while tarpaulins made of heavier fabric flax and hemp.
The complex package: No to mention the material used in the preparation of the
package is not ideal for its properties and free from defects. Modern looking good packaging solutions and materials are placed very high demands. For this reason, combinations of various materials or a complex compound obtained package. Along with the emergence of complex packages have emerged and their forms and systems of packaging that the production and use differ from classical. Their number is constantly increasing. The names of these packages and packaging systems were created depending on the types and forms of packaging, function, material names, uses, etc.. Better known systems are: Tetra-pak, Dou-turn, Hur-pak, tetra-brik, Pure-pak, Bi-turn, Vakufin and others (http//www.komercijalno-poznavanje-robe/ambalaza.html).