Documentary analysis

Analysis of documents also plays a relevant role in the research, not only in setting the context of the case study but also illuminating specific issues on

the production of the enclave greenness in Chicureo. I have developed the documentary analysis to fulfil three main objectives: contribute to contextualise the enclave planning process, development stages and actors;

enrich the description of the enclave urbanism, environment and ecology;

and expand the sources and description of conflicts involving the enclave development.

Documents are standardised artefacts that occur in different formats of personal, private and public sources, and allow both quantitative and qualitative analyses (Wolff, 2004). In this research the documentary analysis consists on the data gathering, organization and analysis of public documents of different formats and sources, mainly official documents;

media; advertisement and websites.

The qualitative documentary analysis, which combines coding and discourse analysis, content analysis and visual analysis, was conceived to bring specific and accurate data about the enclave projects environmental assessment process, the enclaves’ urbanisation characteristics, and the enclaves’ environmental impacts.

3.3.5.1 Public official documents

The files of the environmental assessments⁵ of the urban enclaves -either received from state officials or downloaded from public sources of the Chilean environmental assessment agency- were among the most relevant sources of data about the projects. Although each project could include or not some of the below items (Appendix 8), many included important data to characterise the projects of urban enclaves and contrast with other sources of data. Some of the most relevant information found in these files features:

 Developers identity

 Localisation

 Scale

5In most cases, these documents were the Resolution of Environmental Qualification (RCA) issued by the Chilean government environmental agency, the Environmental Impact Declaration (DIA) or the Environmental Impact Study (EIA) presented by the developers companies.

 Urbanism different administrative levels (national, regional, metropolitan and municipal) of the territory where Chicureo is located.

Table 3.9 Documents and sources. Source: author’s own.

Institution Document

National Statistics Institute INE National, regional and borough statistical data (including census)

PRMS amendments (1997; 2004; 2005; 2007; 2014) Ministry of Social Planning MIDEPLAN Poverty and income statistics

Superintendency of Water and Sanitary

To investigate the official documents I combined different strategies of analysis. Through their text, figures and numbers, I gathered data for an interpretation of the urbanisation of Chicureo, its recent socio-demographical changes and its planning history. These documents were also a rich source of contextual data about the borough governmental action and

geography. A discursive analysis of sections and quotes of the urban planning and environmental resolution decrees was carried out to find the discourses on urban sustainability and greening involved in the making of policies, as well as how these discourses were materialised in the planning tools and masterplans. Some information on the enclaves has been reorganised and presented (either in the text or as in tables) citing the source. Statistics and numerical data about the enclaves’ population, consumption and waste, have been converted in figures or cited for illustrative and comparative purposes.

3.3.5.2 Media analysis

The analysis of the press and media was designed to bring to light contextual information about the enclaves’ development, actors and conflicts. The review of news was applied first on a sample of 24 weekend printed editions of the two leading printed national newspapers, in the first fieldwork trip from November 2012 to January 2013. As a result of the relatively few news about Chicureo found in those editions I expanded the search to online editions of the same and other media sources from 2000 to 2013 (Appendix 9). Additionally, I selected 14 online blogs related to Chicureo as complementary sources of contextual and historical data, following the same query procedure (Appendix 10). Using searcher engines, I ran several queries on these online editions combining the word Chicureo with different series of thematic keywords, to identify five main contextual indicators of the development of the enclaves (Actor, Action, Date, Place, Source), used to identify potential interviewees, identify themes to be used in tailoring interviews, identify sources of information, identify ongoing developments to visit and research, identify possible ongoing processes and conflicts, and build a sketch of a timeline of the enclave urbanisation (Table 3.10). Articles that did not explicitly consider the topics as well as multiple versions of a same event were discarded.

Table 3.10 Themes and topics for media analysis. Source: author’s own.

Themes Keywords

Planning Planning, ZUDC-ZODUC-Parcela, PRMS, Plan Chacabuco Development Construction, building, inauguration, expansion, development

Urbanisation Chicureo localisation, urban growth history, statistics, property market trends, PPP initiatives.

Ecology Environment, impact, nature, conservation, parks, water, land, energy, waste, sewage, energy

Sustainability Technology, design, efficiency, saving, treatment, performance, recycling, green, ecological, sustainable

Government Policy, regulation, control, democracy, government, social organization.

Conflict Conflict, crisis, negotiation, rights, protest, organization, judicial.

Lifestyle Social distinction, private, exclusion, discrimination, shop, segregation, family life, status, stigma.

Actors Resident, dweller, scholar, developer, authority, activist, consultant Material networks Infrastructure, pipeline, tower, motorway, road, toll, deposit

Market Market, housing market, neoliberal, capital, investment

Metropolitan area Colina, Santiago, Metropolitan region, job, mobility, transport, study, car, bus

Knowledge Study, research, report, supervision

The selected content was analysed to build a timeline of Chicureo development and the policies involved, identify the main issues, actors and social and environmental conflicts highlighted in the news, and register the characteristics of the enclave urbanism and greenness to contrast with the database and the interviewees’ discourses. Selected quotes were occasionally used in the analysis. Pictures were compared with my own sources, but not placed in the dissertation.

3.3.5.3 Advertisement analysis

The revision of the advertisement of enclaves was conceived to both analyse the discourses of greenness within the marketing of the enclaves and to enrich the descriptions of the urbanism developed in the enclave projects.

The sources of the marketing objects were magazines, newspapers and websites. A list of the more prominent Chilean magazines related with architecture, building and real estate were sampled to search for Chicureo’s urban enclaves advertisement can be found in Appendix 11. After comparing the number and diversity of enclave advertisements in those

editions a single magazine, VD-Vivienda y Decoración (Housing and Decoration) was selected for both its elitist character and its comparatively greater number of advertisements of Chicureo enclaves. The other sampled magazines remained as sources of secondary data analysed as press review.

Table 3.11 Sampling of VD magazine advertisements. Source: author’s own.

Examined editions Period Selected ads

119 3 Dec 2011 to 31 Dec 2013 84

The criteria for advertisement sampling were planning status -only the advertisements in ZUDC and large parcelas were to be considered, and non-repetition -only one sample of an advertisement was considered among its various issuances. The gathering of data from the advertisements combined different methods and analyses. A list of sampled advertisements was built containing the magazine edition date, page number, text corpus, commercial project name, and developer’s company. The textual content of the advertisements was entered into NVivo and coded for its thematic analyses.

Specific quotes of relevant phrases or characteristics were selected to exemplify situations or processes. ⁶ Also, both textual and visual characteristics of the enclaves, as project name, prices, house size, location, and environmental attributes, were entered into the database of enclave projects, to be analysed in comparative tables and figures. The fields of this database of project marketing are detailed in Chapter 5 (Table 5.2) as categories of green attractors. To enrich the analysis of the green imaginary displayed in the marketing, one advertisement was selected and subjected to what Collier (2001) defines as visual anthropology, a symbolic decoding (translation into words) and further interpretation.

3.3.5.4 Website revision

The revision of the enclaves’ websites was conceived as a complementary source of data in the early stages of research, to understand the context of

6 Unless otherwise indicated, all the quotes from the advertisements have been translated to English by me from the original in Spanish.

the case, select specific enclaves, and identify key actors. The webpage revision covered the main categories of actors presented in the semi-structured interview section, from the state, private sector and civil society (Appendix 12). This revision also proved valuable for the description of the enclaves’ urbanism and marketing analysis, particularly in the case of one large parcela enclave where advertisement displayed too little information or no advertisement was found. Overall, more than 50 websites from the private sector (most of them property developers, constructors and consultants) were revised. At least 29 websites of enclave projects in Chicureo were revised at an early stage to identify the enclaves and their characteristics, and later used a source of practical information for carrying on the interviews and the transect walks (Appendix 13).