1.1 Radio resource management and telecom features from previous
1.1.5 LTE69: Transmit diversity for two antennas and LTE70: Downlink
1.1.5.4.2 Downlink adaptive open loop MIMO for two antennas
By means of the feature LTE70: Downlink adaptive open loop MIMO for two antennas, the eNodeB is able to select dynamically between “Space Frequency Block Coding (SFBC) Transmit Diversity” and “Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing” with “Large-delay Cyclic Delay Diversity” (“Large-delay CDD”). Open loop spatial multiplexing is offered with two code words with “Large-delay CDD” for the PDSCH on UE basis. The open loop dynamic MIMO switch functionality can be enabled and disabled on cell level by means of O&M. When the dynamic MIMO switch is disabled, either static multiplexing or static transmit diversity can be selected for the whole cell (all UEs). The dynamic switch takes into account the UE’s specific link quality and rank information. Furthermore, the UE radio capabilities are considered and additional offsets for CQI reporting compensation are provided with regard to the dynamic MIMO switching functionality.
MIMO is a key technology in achieving the ambitious requirements for throughput and spectral efficiency for the LTE air interface. MIMO refers to the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver. For the LTE downlink, a 2x2 configuration for MIMO is assumed as baseline configuration, i.e. two transmit antennas at the base station and two receive antennas at the terminal side. Configurations with four transmit or receive antennas are also supported by LTE Rel-8. Different gains can be achieved depending on the MIMO mode that is used.
Table 12: Multi antenna options in LTE gives an overview on the typical LTE multi antenna configurations:
Table 12 Multi antenna options in LTE
DL UL Configuration type
BS TX
UE RX
Gain to smaller configuration
UE TX
BS RX
Gain to smaller configuration
1x2 1 2 1x2 1 2 minimum
2x2 2 2 + 4 .. 5 dB DL link budget + 100% peak data rate + user experience + 10% spectrum efficiency
1x2 1 2 standard
The “standard” configuration of the LTE base station provides in addition to 2 RX antennas (RX diversity) 2 TX chains, which has the advantage in that no extra antenna and feeder cost is necessary compared to the minimum 1 TX chain. In a “high
performance” scenario, 4 RX antennas at the LTE base station substantially enhance the LTE uplink path but require additional antenna and feeder effort and costs. Typically, the LTE UE is equipped with 2 RX antennas and 1 TX chain.
1.1.5.4.2.1 Receive diversity
NSN supports 2-branch and plans to support 4-branch receive diversity based on MRC (Maximum Ratio Combining). MRC aims at combining the 2 (or 4) receive signals in such a way that the wanted signal's power is maximized compared to the interference and the noise power, i.e. the SINR (Signal to Interferer and Noise Ratio) is enhanced.
Compared to a single receive branch, 2-branch receive diversity allows for:
• coherence link budget gain of 3 dB
• additional diversity link budget gain of some dB depending on many conditions including velocity, fading channel and carrier bandwidth
• link budget gain from MRC at about 10% Block Error Rate (BLER) may reach up to 6 dB (as shown in simulations)
Correspondingly, 4-branch receive diversity will show a coherence link budget gain of 6 dB plus some dB additional diversity link budget gain.
Receive diversity with two receive branches requires two uncorrelated receive antennas using a single cross-polar antenna or two vertically polarized spatially separated
antennas; 4-branch receive diversity requires four uncorrelated receive antennas using e.g. 2 spatially separated cross-polar antennas.
Receive diversity complies with LTE Rel-8 terminals and is supported on all uplink channels.
1.1.5.4.2.2 Transmit diversity
If the total eNodeB transmit power keeps the transmit power per transmit branch as high as for the single transmit antenna case, the link budget is increased by 3 dB for two branches and by 6 dB for four branches. This implies coverage and capacity enhancements.
If the total eNodeB transmit power is constant (compared to the single transmit branch case), transmit diversity leads to more robust links at the cell edge while slightly reducing cell capacity. However, for DRX (Discontinuous Reception) VoIP users, transmit diversity slightly enhances cell capacity by approximately 5% for two transmit branches.
Transmit diversity may be semi-statically configured per cell, while for non-MIMO UEs, dlMimoMode=1 for PDSCH is automatically selected.
1.1.5.4.2.3 Downlink open loop MIMO
The typical MIMO configuration encompassing “dual code word 2x2 DL SU (Single-User) MIMO Spatial Multiplexing” is illustrated in the figure below. This MIMO scheme targets a duplication of the downlink peak user data rate by means of two independent parallel data streams to a single UE. This is also called “Spatial Multiplexing”. The two base station transmit signals, two UE receive signals, and four channels form (for each subcarrier) a system of two equations with two unknown transmit signals. The two unknown transmit signals can be achieved by channel estimation, possible transmit alphabet(s), and the two receive signals.
Figure 8 2x2 MIMO configuration
Transmission of 2 independent data streams transmitted at the same time depends on the channels’ signal quality and the decorrelation of both channels. Correlation of the channels is determined by the antenna characteristics.
For example antennas are uncorrelated if they:
• are spatially separated by about 10 or more wavelengths, or
• use orthogonal polarization planes (cross-polarity), or
• are located in a diffuse environment.
By uncorrelated antennas diversity and spatial multiplexing gains can be achieved, and coherence gains to some extent.
For example antenna elements are correlated if they:
• are phased by ½ wavelength spacing,
• have a low angular spread, and
• are located in a non-diffuse environment (e.g. on the rooftop).
Correlated antennas easily provide robust coherence gains (the classical beamforming gain), but no spatial multiplexing or diversity gain.
For Open Loop SU-MIMO Spatial Multiplexing, UE feedback, like PMI and RI is required. Mapping of data to the transmit antenna ports is fixed and the system cannot be influenced. If the conditions for “Spatial Multiplexing” not good enough, however, the UE may request to lower the transmission rank and ultimately falls back to
dlMimoMode=1.
For interoperability reasons, the “Open Loop SU-MIMO” scheme has to be based on the
“Large-delay Cyclic Delay Diversity” (“Large-delay CDD”) precoding. The optimum unitary precoding matrix is selected by means of a predefined codebook which is known at eNodeB and UE side, and by the UE’s radio channel estimate. Operators may (statically) configure whether a cell supports “Transmit Diversity”, or “MIMO Spatial Multiplexing”, or allows for an adaptive mode. In the adaptive mode, the “Open Loop 2x2 SU-MIMO” fallback is “Space Frequency Block Coding (SFBC) Transmit Diversity”.
In ideal situations, 2x2 SU-MIMO duplicates the peak user data rate. For realistic conditions, 2x2 SU-MIMO enhances cell capacity by 10% for macro-cellular and by 40%
for micro-cellular deployment scenarios.
The current eNodeB hardware meets the phase noise or the minimum jitter requirements (< 60 ns) between LTE baseband processing and antenna connectors required for MIMO schemes with uncorrelated antennas.
1.1.5.4.3 Transmit diversity for two antennas
Using the feature LTE69: Transmit diversity for two antennas, the eNodeB transmits each data stream via 2 TX diversity paths. Each data stream is transmitted by two diversity antennas per sector, and “Space Frequency Block Coding (SFBC) Transmit Diversity” is applied. The transmit diversity mode can be used for most physical downlink channels, except for the synchronization signals, which are transmitted only via the first TX antenna, and except when the eNodeB send different cell-specific reference signals per antenna. The operator can enable the semi-static transmit diversity mode on cell basis.
Diversity methods complement the basic feature LTE187: Single TX path mode, where the TX signal is transmitted via a single TX antenna per cell. Here, the single TX path mode can be applied for two scenarios dependent on the HW configuration of the eNodeB: Either for HW configurations with only one TX path per cell or for HW
configurations with two TX paths per cell where the second TX path is disabled by O&M.
The latter scenario is primarily intended for trialing purpose. In this case, the same 2-path HW configuration supports enhanced operational modes of TX diversity or MIMO.
The operator can select the TX mode semi-statically on cell basis by the O&M configuration. The single TX path per cell mode is the basic transmit solution without spatial diversity in the eNodeB. A single pattern of symbols for cell-specific reference signals is sent in downlink direction. In uplink direction, 2 RX paths per cell are always supported by the eNodeB.