(Photo credit: Billy Frymire)
DRAFT
Volcanoes, Module 2 is about Climate,e and Module 3 is about Constellations.In Module 1, we continue to make use of our observations in the environment. We emphasize our location along the Ring of Fire. As learned in Grade 8, the Philippines is prone to earthquakes. At grade 9, we will still give emphasis on the location of the Philippines but as a home to volcanoes.
Just like any country along the Ring of Fire, we, too, have active and inactive volcanoes that continuously shape the Earth’s surface. These volcanoes can be described in different ways. Active volcanoes have different features based on their activities and emissions.
Likewise, volcanoes have energy that can be tapped for human use. After all, volcanism is not all bad. As part of the disaster risk reduction, we must also point out how the negative effects of volcanic eruption can be minimized through disaster awareness.
In Module 2, we find out the difference between weather and climate. We look into the different factors affecting the climate of an area such as altitude, latitude, distance from the ocean, and presence of landmass.
Since the Philippines is located just north of the equator, we have a tropical climate. Unlike other countries with a wide range of temperature during the course of the year, we experience a minimal difference. What are other variations that we experience?
We also look into certain climatic phenomena that occur on a global level. We talk further the about greenhouse effect discussed in Grade 7. InAt Grade 9, we will relate it with global warming or climate change. We have to make our students aware of risks of climate change and how its effects can be lessened.
In Module 3, we will take up constellations. In grade 5, the students were introduced towith star patterns. InAt Grade 9, the word constellation will be used. The relationship between the constellations in the sky and Earth’s position along its orbit will be given emphasis. Likewise, we have to assist our students make inferencesinfer about the characteristics of the stars based on the characteristics of the Sun.
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
3
VOLCANOES
I. Introduction
The Philippines is located along the Ring of Fire. As a result, it is a home to many volcanoes. The most famous among our volcanoes is the Mayon Volcano that has erupted last May 7, 2013 while a group of hikers were exploring its beauty.
Who could forget the terrible eruption of Pinatubo Volcano in 1992 after 600 years of inactivity? Based on statistics, in the first five years following the eruption, lahars destroyed the homes of more than 100,000 people. Lahars also covered about 120,000 hectares with sediment to an average depth of about one meter, and floods spread rock debris over a larger area.The eruption also affected other countries as its emissions in the atmosphere lowered the air temperature.
According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), our country is an ideal site for any volcanic activity. It is therefore, important for us to know how this natural phenomenon happens to reduce the risks and effects it may cause.
II. Learning Competencies/Objectives
In this module, the Learner should be able to:
1. differentiate active and inactive volcanoes;
2. describe the different types of volcanoes;
3. explain what happens when volcanoes erupt; and
4. illustrate how energy from volcanoes may be tapped for human use.
Unit 3
MODULE
1
Suggested time allotment: 10 hours
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
4 III. Pre-/Diagnostic Assessment
A. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which characteristic of magma mainly determines its explosiveness?
a. color b. amount c. temperature d. silica content
2. Which of the following characteristics of a volcano depends on its magma emission?
a. age b. size c. shape d. location
3. Which of the following factors associated with huge volcanic eruptions may cause the decrease in the Earth’s average temperature for a few years?
a. heat b. light c. acid rain d. volcanic ash
4. A thick layer of volcanic ash can be heavy enough to collapse the roofs of buildings because ash ________.
a. is solid.
b. cannot be blown by winds.
c. becomes heavier as it cools.
d. consists of tiny fragments of rocks that becomes heavy as they pile up.
5. Which of the following is an active volcano in the Philippines?
a. Apo in Davao b.Bud Datu in Sulu
c.Isarog in Camarines Sur d.Kanlaon in Negros Oriental B. Answer the following questions briefly.
6. Aside from Mayon Volcano, name another Philippine volcano that has erupted recently.
7. What causes a shield volcano to be shaped like a broad dome?
8. By what process can a volcanic eruption affect temperatures around the world?
9. Give one positive effect and one negative effect of volcanic eruptions.
10. How is energy from volcanoes tapped as source of electricity?
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
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IV. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
In Grade 8, you have learned about the relationship between the occurrence of earthquakes and the location of the Philippines along the Ring of Fire. Due to its location, the Philippines is a home to many volcanoes. This module will guide you through the study of volcanism in the Philippines.
What is a volcano?
Since you were in elementary, you have heard about volcanoes. But do you know what a volcano is? To find out, let’s do the following activity.
Activity 1. Volcano concept map Objective
characterize a volcano
Fig. 1. Mayon Volcano(pls re-draw) Materials:
pictures of a volcano paper and pen
Procedure:
Q1. Based on the picture, give five descriptions of a volcano. Present your answer in a concept map as shown below.
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
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Fig. 2. Concept map ion volcano
In activity 1, you have described what a volcano is. The next thing to do is to classify them. Do you have an idea how they are classified? Let’s find out in the next activity.
Classification of volcanoes
There are several ways by which volcanoes can be classified. PHIVOLCS have adapted a systemwherethe Philippine volcanoes as active or inactive. Active volcanoes are those that have a record of eruption within the last 600 years or those that erupted 10, 000 years ago based on analyses of theirits materials.
Inactive volcanoes, on the other hand, are those that have not erupted for the last 10, 000 years and their physical form is being changed by agents of weathering and erosion through formation of deep and long gullies.
According to PHIVOLCS,our country has more than a hundredvolcanoes as of 2013. Twenty-three are active while the rest are inactive. Some of these volcanoes will be mentioned in the next activity.
Perform the next activity to classify the volcanoes according to their record of eruption.
VOLCANO