Education Datalab

The second model uses an autosegmental approach to represent the relevant features of Spanish phonology more completely, and more elegantly. The model makes use of two rules unmodeled by the previous example. The rst is that a nasal consonant in syllable-nal position will receive its point of articulation from the consonant to its right (Harris 1984). This process is here modeled by assimilation of the following consonant's place node. The second rule states that a lateral segment assimilates the point of articulation of a following coronal consonant (Harris 1969). Using these two

−high

−low

−back

−round +cont

−son +ant +cons

−nasal +cor

−delrel +stri

−voice

−asp

−lat

+high

−low +back +round +cont +son

−ant

−cons

−nasal

−cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

−high

−low

−back

−round cont

−son +ant +cons

−nasal +cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

−high

−low

−back

−round +cont +son

−ant

−cons

−nasal

−cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

−high

−low

−back

−round cont

−son +ant +cons

−nasal +cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

−high

−low +back +round +cont +son

−ant

−cons

−nasal

−cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

C V C V C V

word

Figure 4-2: Internal Representation of \su DeDo"

−high

−low

−back

−round +cont

−son +ant +cons

−nasal +cor

−delrel +stri

−voice

−asp

−lat

+high

−low +back +round +cont +son

−ant

−cons

−nasal

−cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

−high

−low

−back

−round +cont +son

−ant

−cons

−nasal

−cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

−high

−low +back +round +cont +son

−ant

−cons

−nasal

−cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

C V C V C V

word

−high

−low

−back

−round +cont

−son +ant +cons

−nasal +cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

−high

−low

−back

−round +cont

−son +ant +cons

−nasal +cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

Figure 4-3: Internal Representation of Output from \su DeDo"

+high

−low +back +round +cont +son

−ant

−cons

−nasal

−cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

−high

−low

−back

−round cont

−son +ant +cons

−nasal +cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

−high

−low

−back

−round +cont +son

−ant

−cons

−nasal

−cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

−high

−low

−back

−round cont

−son +ant +cons

−nasal +cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

−high

−low +back +round +cont +son

−ant

−cons

−nasal

−cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

V C C V C V

word

−high

−low

−back

−round

−cont +son +ant +cons +nasal +cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

Figure 4-4: Internal Representation of \un DeDo"

+high

−low +back +round +cont +son

−ant

−cons

−nasal

−cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

−high

−low

−back

−round +cont +son

−ant

−cons

−nasal

−cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

−high

−low +back +round +cont +son

−ant

−cons

−nasal

−cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

V C C V C V

word

−high

−low

−back

−round

−cont +son +ant +cons +nasal +cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

−high

−low

−back

−round

−cont

−son +ant +cons

−nasal +cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

−high

−low

−back

−round +cont

−son +ant +cons

−nasal +cor

−delrel

−stri +voice

−asp

−lat

Figure 4-5: Internal Representation of Output from \un DeDo"

rules, the current model postulates (Goldsmith 1990, pages 70{71) that a consonant unspecied for [continuant] assimilates the value of [continuant] of the previous consonant, if the two consonants share the same place node. Just as in the previous example, consonants unspecied for [continuant]

default to [+continuant].

The model would be specied as follows:

Language Spanish:

Phonemes: a, b, B, " ", "c", d, D, "", e, f, g, G, " ", i, x, k, l, "²", m, n, "~n", "⁸", o, p, r, rr, s, t, u, w, y.

SpecMethod: CV/Tree.

Vowels: a, e, i, o, u.

Consonants: b, B, " ", "c", d, D, "", f, g, G, " ", x, k, l, "²", m, n,

"~n", "⁸", p, r, rr, s, t, w, y.

Tree ^f

froot : skeletal^g,

fstricture : root : [cons], [son], [cont], [stri], [lat]^g,

flaryngeal : root : [voice], [delrel]^g,

fsupralaryngeal : root^g,

fsoftpalate : supralaryngeal : [nasal]^g,

fplace : supralaryngeal^g,

flabial : place : [round]^g,

fcoronal : place : [ant]^g,

fdorsal : place : [high], [low], [back]^g

g

Defaults:

any -> segment{root : segment{stricture : segment{cons}, segment{son}, segment{cont}, segment{stri}, segment{lat}}, segment{laryngeal : segment{voice},

segment{delrel}}, segment{supralaryngeal :

segment{softpalate : segment{nasal}}, segment{place}}},

vowel -> segment{place : segment{labial : segment{-round}}, segment{dorsal : segment{-high},

segment{-low},

segment{-back}}}, vowel -> [+cont, +son, -nasal, -cons, -stri, -lat, +voice, -delrel], a -> [+low, +back],

i -> [+high], o -> [+back],

u -> [+high, +back],

[+back, -low] -> [+round],

consonant -> [-cont, -son, -nasal, +cons, -stri, -lat, -voice, -delrel],

p -> segment^fplace : segment^flabial : segment^f-round^ggg, b -> p [+voice],

f -> p [+cont],

m -> p [+son, +nasal], B -> b [cont],

" " -> b [+cont], w -> u,

y -> i,

t -> segment^fplace : segment^fcoronal : segment^f+ant^ggg, d -> t [+voice],

n -> t [+son], s -> t [+cont],

"c" -> t [-ant, +delrel, +stri], D -> d [cont],

"" -> d [+cont],

[+cont, -voice] -> [+stri], r -> n [+cont],

l -> n [+lat], n -> [+nasal], rr -> r [+stri],

"~n" -> n [-ant],

"²" -> l [-ant],

k -> segment^fplace : segment^fdorsal : segment^f+high^g, segment^f-low^g, segment^f+back^ggg,

"⁸" -> k [+son, +nasal], g -> k [+voice],

x -> k [+cont], G -> g [cont],

" " -> g [+cont], [+son] -> [+voice].

ToneLevels: 0.

Rules:

Rule "Nasal Assimilation":

NoWordBounds Tiers:

place:(place) place,

skeletal: C C,

nasal: +nasal . Connections:

place[1] -- C[1], place[2] -- C[2], C[1] -- +nasal.

Effects:

place[1] -Z- C[1], C[1] :: place[2].

Rule "Lateral Assimilation":

NoWordBounds Tiers:

coronal: coronal,

place: place place,

skeletal: C C,

lat: +lat.

Connections:

place[1] -- C[1], C[1] -- +lat,

coronal -- place[2], place[2] -- C[2].

Effects:

place[1] -Z- C[1], C[1] :: place[2].

Rule "Continuancy 1":

NoWordBounds Tiers:

place: (place),

skeletal: C C,

cont: -cont cont.

Connections:

place -- C[1], place -- C[2], C[1] -- -cont, C[2] -- cont.

Effects:

C[2] :: -cont, C[2] -Z- cont.

Rule "Continuancy 2":

Tiers:

cont:(cont), skeletal: C.

Connections:

cont -- C.

Effects:

cont -> +cont.

In the previous examples, there have automatically been three tiers: the skeletal tier, the phone-mic, and the tonal. In this example, however, the parser will indeed create those three tiers auto-matically, but, upon reading the ^Treesection on the specication le, it will create tiers for each class node and feature dened there. In addition, it will create and place in the chart the tree structure depicted in gure 4-6. In the default section most lines behave similarly to those in the matrix example, and those that containsegmentspecs build tree structures. Thus, every phoneme rst receives a generic tree structure, then vowels add a dorsal and labial node, and the various

X root

stricture

laryngeal

supralaryngeal [cons]

[son]

[cont]

[stri]

[lat] [voice] [delrel]

softpalate [nasal]

place labial

[round]

coronal

[ant]

dorsal

[high] [low]

[back]

Figure 4-6: Tree Structure

consonants add the appropriate place nodes. The rules are as discussed above, and are build in the same manner as in the previous examples.

Upon receiving the input \un Beso," the system will build the structure depicted in gure 4-7.

The rule of nasal assimilation will match \n B" and produce the structure shown in gure 4-8.

Because the \n" (now an \m," sharing the \B"'s labial point of articulation) shares a place node with \B," the rst continuancy rule will apply, and \B" will become [-continuant]. Thus, the chart will contain the structure shown in gure 4-9, and the system will produce the output \um beso."

Given the input \su Beso," the nasal assimilation rule will not apply, so the second continuancy rule will apply instead of the rst, and the output will be \su eso." Similarly, \al Gato" produces

\al ato" (since \G" is not coronal, and therefore the lateral assimilation rule does not apply, thus disallowing the rst continuancy rule), \al DeDo" produces \al deo" (since \D"iscoronal and the lateral assimilation applies, with similar results to the case of \un Beso"), and \al²ano" produces

\a^{2 2}ano" (since \²" is a palatal, and thus its place node contains the feature [-anterior], which becomes shared by the previous consonant.)

In document High Potential Middle Leaders (Secondary) programme: an evaluation (Page 95-102)