EFFICIEnt And

EFFECtIvE StAndARdISAtIon

And CERtIFICAtIon

Innovative approaches to the standardisation, certification and approval processes are to be developed where advanced methodologies, including simulation tools, are applied to compliance demonstration of safety/security requirements at component, product, system and system of systems level. This encompasses human, social and technical aspects, leading to efficiency and shorter time to market of new products, services and operations. This also concerns improved methodologies for standardised approval and licensing.

The standardisation and certification pro- cesses are built on a common roadmap developed between EU and other aviation leaders, resulting in international standards

for security technologies and processes. These are supported by methods and tools that facilitate the verification required for the global standardisation, certification and approvals processes, which are all

joined up at the ATS level.

Efficient and effective standardisation and certification relies on harmonised approaches, methods and tools between

operational safety and security as well as a common certification approach for security systems.

There are common systems and processes for certification/approvals. This allows, where

the virtual environment is the accepted means of compliance, to enhance the efficiency by, for example, the incremental certification of applications, taking into account increasing levels of system complexity. Flexible systems and processes are in place to allow robust and rapid update of evolution to certification requirements for emerging technology or other requirements (e.g. open

rotor, compound and tilt rotorcraft, uAVs, single pilot, open source software/hardware, environmental threats).

4.6.3 RESILIEnCE

Resilience covers the methodologies and tools, products and services which ensure the ATS is robust by design and opera- tion to current and predicted safety and security threat and hazard evolutions. Cross-fertilisation of ideas, concepts and best practice are achieved through the construction of coordination forums

encompassing various interested parties, including other transport means, when designing the system.

Resilience includes IT security concepts resilient against cyber-attacks and applied throughout the global aviation system, based on a novel design philosophy leading to an inherently safe and secure ground infrastructure and airspace (use).

In particular, communications and other critical electronic systems and infrastructure that link the aircraft and the ground are resilient to failure and cyber-threats.

StRAtEgIC RESEARCh & InnovAtIon AgEndA CHALLEnGE 4

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Resilience is based on current and emergent

environmental and security hazards being characterised and understood, and

accurately mitigated by design. Resilience is increased by applying systematic methods to feedback the results of safety and security analysis into the design process as

well as to feedback operational experience

into the design and manufacturing process.

new materials, new manufacturing techniques, design approaches and new vehicles are developed to improve the safety and security of the design (e.g. self-healing

of material, privacy by design, new fuels,

new airports, electric propulsion, improved sensors, protection devices, preventive measures towards counterfeit parts). They are also applied to improve the survivability

(active and passive measures) of transported people (e.g. through new cabin and airframe designs). Airworthy aircraft are constantly in service with minimum deferred defects.

The aircraft health management system supports human and operational processes

and enables overnight equalised maintenance programmes.

A methodology and toolset for advanced systems engineering is available that

fully incorporates the human and social aspects together with technologies and information systems in order to address both the necessary complexity of designs, the need to manage a large number of stakeholder requirements and to ensure system goals. This will allow safety and security requirements to be fully integrated into the design from the earliest stages. In addition, complex software development and certification is optimised taking

into account safety, security, speed and effectiveness (e.g. auto code generation, self-healing software, monitoring software). The human contribution to systems resilience is based on an improved understanding of

human factors and psycho-social issues for application to design and manufacturing

as well as the availability of a suitably qualified, trained and adaptable work force

and a framework that ensures the continued support to both legacy and emerging technologies.

Human factors is the discipline of under- standing the interactions among humans and other elements of a system to optimise human well-being and overall safe system performance. Human factors comprise cognitive and physical characteristics of individuals as well as their social behaviour. The challenges for human factors centre around moving beyond a largely cognitive focus (centred on the individual or crew), to a systemic focus in which people’s behaviours contribute to process outcomes, be it as individuals or teams

within formal organisations, informal organisational or social frameworks. This encompasses the co-ordinating role of people in complex systems-of-systems and fully addresses an integrated management concept. The focus is to make human factors more responsible for measurable improvement in overall system functioning. This will deliver lower cost, higher levels of safety, security, quality and, increasingly, lower environmental impact, where there is an increasing focus on operational as well as technological solutions. This model is adapted to address aviation systems that are much more distributed. This is not just because of the requirement to address general aviation, but also because there is a proliferation of different users of airspace flying in increasingly diverse vehicles over the coming decades such as business, services, leisure and other industrial users. These exploit new materials and novel technical innovations.

The next generation of automation is based on relatively independent information

systems in which both people and technologies perform a much-transformed role. It has much more intelligence than

current automation and is potentially distributed across the whole aviation system – air and ground. A big challenge for the next generation of human factors is to design this next generation of automation, ensuring that its operators retain the competences necessary to fulfil service continuity in degraded modes.

The standardisation of information systems and their linkage to multiple sensors and processors all over the system results in stakeholders being deluged by a flood of information. This explosion of information potentiality requires an intense RTD effort to configure effective support for the human in the system, whether passenger, crew, controller, dispatcher, planner or manager. The proliferation of available information in future systems creates the potential to manage and regulate diverse aviation operations in new ways. The gathering, processing, reconfiguring and distribution of all kinds of data makes everyday operations of the system much more transparent in relation to safety, security and performance effectiveness. This gives rise to much smarter management concepts that supply, support, manage, control, monitor and improve the system in all its aspects. It results in new, more effective opportunities to make the operators of the system accountable for the way it is operated, bringing about new models of regulation, including the full cycle of certification, approval, licensing, investigation, etc.