Electricity consumption in the manufacturing sector

DATA APPENDIX: SOURCES AND METHODS

1. Great Britain

2.1 Electricity consumption in the manufacturing sector

Electricity consumption in French manufacturing is measured by: (i) the electricity consumed as “force motrice” (largely through the grid); (ii) electricity consumption of the electrochemical and electrometallurgical industries; and (iii) the electricity consumption of the metallurgical industries and other industries.

Table A4: Consumption of electricity in the French manufacturing sector.

Year

(i) Electricity consumption (through the grid) -

force motrice (1000kWh)

(ii) Electricity consumption - electrochemical and electrometallurgical industries (1000kWh) (iii) Electricity consumption - metallurgical industries and other

industries (1000kWh) Electricity consumption - manufacturing industries (1000kWh) (sum of previous three

columns) 1923 575,238* _1,500,000 _3,517,408* _5,592,646 1924 699,303* 1,600,000 4,276,033* 6,575,337 1925 790,632* 1,850,000 4,834,480* 7,475,112 1926 880,284 2,102,052 5,382,676 8,365,012 1927 857,031 2,164,000 5,342,536 8,363,567 1928 886,079 2,636,769 6,244,850 9,767,698 1929 967,384 2,874,462 6,837,072 10,678,918 1930 1,018,139 2,934,295 7,351,029 11,303,463 1931 1,008,805 2,232,000 6,980,695 10,221,500 1932 945,305 1,854,381 6,508,753 9,308,439 1933 968,498 2,162,051 7,070,321 10,200,870 1934 969,407 2,188,256 7,104,892 10,262,555 1935 961,653 2,240,104 7,362,901 10,564,658 1936 916,000 2,502,000 7,832,000 11,250,000 1937 811,661 3,463,739 8,728,739 13,004,139 1938 801,234 3,547,538 8,611,426 12,960,198 1939 816,036 4,222,765 9,208,036 14,246,837 1940 737,801 4,343,330 7,912,582 12,993,713

1941 794,392(a) 3,825,000(a) 7,648,000(a) 12,267,392

1942 847,119(a) 2,923,763(a)(b) 7,447,869(a)(b) 11,218,751

1943 875,155** 3,127,000(a) 7,537,000(a) 11,539,155 1944 903,191** 1,851,000(a) _5,641,000(a) _8,395,191 1945 931,227 2,457,000 7,317,472 10,705,699 1946 1,142,430** 3,573,000 10,327,000 15,042,430 1947 1,353,632 4,407,943 12,107,751 17,869,326 1948 1,426,430** 4,430,000 14,480,000 20,336,430 1949 1,499,227** 3,940,000 15,921,000 21,360,227 1950 1,572,025** 4,487,000 17,312,000 23,371,025 1951 1,644,822** 5,624,000 19,664,000 26,932,822 1952 1,717,620 6,823,525 20,530,000 29,071,145

Notes: *estimated see below; **linearly interpolated; (a) does not include Moselle, Haut Rhin, and Bas Rhin; (b) does not include Corse

These original data series were published in the following official publications for the three columns above:

Column (i)

France - Ministère de l'industrie et du commerce, Service technique de l'énergie électrique et des grands barrages, Statistique de la production et de la distribution de l'énergie électrique en France pour l'année 1952, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale 1954, p. 33, and table 8 p.52; France - Ministère de l'industrie et du commerce, Service central de l'électricité, Statistique de la production et de la distribution de l'énergie électrique en France pour l'année 1947, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale 1949, table 3, p. 17 and table 8, p. 25;

France - Ministère de la production industrielle, Service central de l'électricité, Statistique de la production et de la distribution de l'énergie électrique en France pour l'année 1945, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale 1947, table 6, p. 13;

France - Ministère de la production industrielle, Service central de l'électricité, Statistique de la production et de la distribution de l'énergie électrique en France pour l'année 1942, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale 1945, table 6, p. 13;

France - Secrétariat d'Etat a la production industrielle, Statistique de la production et de la distribution de l'énergie électrique en France pour l'année 1939, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale 1941, table 13, p. 14;

France - Ministère de la Production industrielle et du travail (Service central de l'électricité), Statistique de la production et de la distribution de l'énergie électrique en France pour l'année 1938, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale 1940, table 13, p. 17;

France - Ministère des travaux publics (Service central des forces hydrauliques et des distributions d'énergie électrique), Statistique de la production et de la distribution de l'énergie électrique en France pour l'année 1933, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale 1935, table 7, p. 24.

The figures for the years 1923, 1924, and 1925 were estimated assuming that ‘force motrice’ was 8.82% of total electricity consumption in those years. The figure of 8.82% is that observed for 1926. The source for total consumption of electricity in France in 1923, 1924, and 1925 is the same.

Column (ii)

France - Ministère de l'industrie et du commerce, Service central de l'électricité, Statistique de la production et de la distribution de l'énergie électrique en France pour l'année 1947, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale 1949, table 3, p. 16;

France - Ministère de la production industrielle, Service central de l'électricité, Statistique de la production et de la distribution de l'énergie électrique en France pour l'année 1942, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale 1945, table 6, p. 13;

France - Ministère des travaux publics (Service central des forces hydrauliques et des distributions d'énergie électrique), Statistique de la production et de la distribution de l'énergie électrique au 1er janvier 1929, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale 1930, table 7, p. 83 ; France - Ministère des travaux publics (Service central des forces hydrauliques et des distributions d'énergie électrique), Statistique de la production et de la distribution de l'énergie électrique au 1er janvier 1931, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale 1932, table 7, p. 100 ; France - Ministère des travaux publics (Service central des forces hydrauliques et des distributions d'énergie électrique), Statistique de la production et de la distribution de l'énergie électrique en France pour l'année 1932, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale 1934, table 7, p. 116 ;

Column (iii)

France - Ministère de l'industrie et du commerce, Service technique de l'énergie électrique et des grands barrages, Statistique de la production et de la distribution de l'énergie électrique en France pour l'année 1952, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale 1954, p. 33, and table 8 p.52 ; France - Ministère de l'industrie et du commerce, Service central de l'électricité, Statistique de la production et de la distribution de l'énergie électrique en France pour l'année 1947, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale 1949, table 3, p. 17 and table 8, p. 25;

France - Ministère de la production industrielle, Service central de l'électricité, Statistique de la production et de la distribution de l'énergie électrique en France pour l'année 1942, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale 1945, table 6, p. 13, and table 13 p. 23;

The figures for the years 1923, 1924, and 1925 were estimated assuming that ‘force motrice’ was 53.96% of total electricity consumption in those years. The figure of 53.96% is that observed for 1926. The source for total consumption of electricity in France in 1923, 1924, and 1925 is the same.

These series were then re-published in the Annuaire Statistique. The aggregate is likely to overestimate the consumption by the manufacturing sector as the data includes consumption of “force motrice” by the construction industry and by non industrial users. However, the magnitude of this bias is likely to be small as the bulk of electricity was consumed by the manufacturing industry.

2.1 Employment in the manufacturing sector

Data for this aggregate were recalculated by INSEE in 1961 for the years 1906, 1921, 1926, 1931, 1936, 1946, 1954. We used the dynamic of the Industrial Production Index 1913=100 as published in the Résume Rétrospectif in the 1938 Annuaire Statistique to interpolate the data for the years 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925 according to the formula:

Lt = L1921*(1+ (α1*( Yt- Y1921)/ Y1921))

Where α1 = (L1926- L1921)/L1921/( Y1926-Y1921)/ Y1921

To interpolate the data for the years 1927, 1928, 1929, and 1930 we used the formula:

Lt = L1926*(1+(α2*( Yt- Y1926)/ Y1926))

Where α2 = (L1931- L1926)/L1926/( Y1931-Y1926)/ Y1926

For the years 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, and 1938 we applied the employment dynamic derived from the index number of the employed in industrial establishments with more than 100 employees (previous year =100) as published in the Annuaire Statistique (Tav 5 ombres indices des effectifs des établissements occupant au moins 100 personnes, par rapport aux effectifs du mois correspondant de l'année précédente).

2.3 Consumption of Electricity per Worker in the Manufacturing Sector

Having estimated the consumption of electricity by the manufacturing sector (see Table above), and combining it with these estimates of employment in the manufacturing sector, we were able to construct a series for electricity consumption in the French manufacturing sector per employee (purchased and self-generated - in KWh).

Table A.5 France Employment and per caput electricity consumption in the manufacturing sector.

Year Manufacturing _employment Electricity consumption in the manufacturing sector per employee _{(purchased and self-generated - in kWh).}

1921 4,841,000 1922 5,027,915 1923 5,109,183 1,095 1924 5,279,845 1,245 1925 5,271,718 1,418 1926 5,418,000 1,544 1927 4,746,000 1,762 1928 5,460,000 1,789 1929 5,964,000 1,791 1930 6,006,000 1,882 1931 5,334,000 1,916 1932 4,837,352 1,924 1933 4,743,428 2,151 1934 4,597,694 2,232 1935 4,394,363 2,404 1936 4,429,000 2,540 1937 4,687,702 2,774 1938 4,843,360 2,676

3. GERMANY

3.1 Electricity consumption in the manufacturing sector

We used data on industrial consumption of electricity published in the Statistical Yearbook of 1925, and 1932, and in the Statistical Handbook published in 1949. These figures were combined with manufacturing sector employment data from Hoffmann (1965). The basic assumption adopted was that the net consumption of the manufacturing sector is the total gross industrial consumption minus 3.3% of self-consumption by utilities (based on 1925 data); minus 1.5% sold by industry to utilities (based on 1930 data); minus 19.3% consumed by the mining sector (based on 1930 data). The data so calculated is presented in the second column of the Table A6.

Table A6: Employment and consumption of electricity in the German manufacturing sector Year Industrial gross electricity consumption (purchased and self- generated - in gigaWh). Electricity consumption in the manufacturing sector (purchased and self-generated - in gigaWh). Employment in manufacturing (*1000) Electricity consumption in the manufacturing sector per employee (purchased and self-generated - in kWh). 1925 15,195 11,533 9,972 1,156.54 1926 8,782 1927 10,183 1928 10,463 1929 10,101 1930 21,056 15,982 9,116 1,753.13 1931 7,787 1932 6,646 1933 18,637 14,145 7,075 1,999.36 1934 22,986 17,446 8,268 2,110.11 1935 28,538 21,660 9,058 2,391.29 1936 33,169 25,175 9,767 2,577.58 1937 38,429 29,168 10,562 2,761.56 1938 45,269 34,359 11,146 3,082.65 1939 51,563 39,136 12,681 3,086.22

Sources: Statististische Reichsamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch des Deutschen Reiches,

Berlin (1928 edn. pp. 124-125; 1932 edn. pp. 114 – 115); Länderrat des Amerikanischen Besatzungsgebiets, Statistisches Handbuch von Deutschland 1928 - 1944, Munich 1949, pp. 336 - 337.

3.2 Employment in the manufacturing sector

We have used the data from Hoffmann, W. G., Das wachstum der Deutschen wirtschaft seit der mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts, Berlin, Heidelberg and New York: Springer-Verlag 1965, Tab. 15, pp. 198 - 199.

3.3 Consumption of Electricity per Worker in the Manufacturing Sector

Electricity consumption in the German manufacturing sector per employee (purchased and self-generated - in KWh) is shown in Table A.6 last column.

4. USA

4.1 Electricity consumption in the manufacturing sector

We have used the data from Du Boff (1979[original 1964]), table 22, p. 84 and the data reported in the US Department of Commerce (1975): Historical Statistics of the U.S.: Colonial Times to 1970, Washington D.C. This data is reproduced in column (i) of Table A.7. below.

4.2 Employment in the manufacturing sector

We have used the data from Kendrick (1961), Table D-II, pp. 465 - 466 and Table D-VII p. 488. They are reproduced in column (ii) of the table above.

Consumption of Electricity per worker in the manufacturing sector

We combined the data under column (i) and column (ii) to obtain a series for electricity consumption in the US manufacturing sector per employee (purchased and self-generated - in

Table A.7. US electricity consumption and employment in the manufacturing sector.

Year

(i) Electricity consumption in the manufacturing sector (purchased and

self-generated - in gigaWh).

(ii) Manufacturing Employment

Electricity consumption in the manufacturing sector per employee (purchased and self-

generated - in kWh). 1902 1,300 6,384,280 203.6 1903 6,627,390 1904 6,246,870 1905 6,986,770 1906 7,356,720 1907 5,100 7,694,960 662.8 1908 6,891,640 1909 7,684,390 1910 8,033,200 1911 8,033,200 1912 9,250 8,392,580 1,102.2 1913 8,477,140 1914 8,181,180 1915 8,551,130 1916 10,083,780 1917 20,750 10,781,400 1,924.6 1918 10,992,800 1919 10,601,710 1920 26,913 10,580,570 2,543.6 1921 23,993 8,181,180 2,932.7 1922 27,364 8,952,790 3,056.5 1923 32,585 10,168,340 3,204.6 1924 34,967 9,534,140 3,667.6 1925 39,725 9,798,390 4,054.2 1926 46,350 10,009,790 4,630.5 1927 51,012 9,882,950 5,161.6 1928 52,699 9,914,660 5,315.3 1929 55,122 10,570,000 5,214.9 1930 53,930 9,428,440 5,719.9 1931 50,410 7,990,920 6,308.4 1932 43,504 6,754,230 6,441.0 1933 46,561 7,282,730 6,393.3 1934 50,593 8,445,430 5,990.6 1935 56,706 8,995,070 6,304.1 1936 62,949 9,745,540 6,459.3 1937 64,757 10,696,840 6,053.8 1938 58,452 9,238,180 6,327.2 1939 70,518 10,094,350 6,985.9 1940 83,276 11,024,510 7,553.7 1941 104,037 13,286,490 7,830.3 1942 122,762 15,442,770 7,949.5 1943 143,995 17,577,910 8,191.8 1944 145,015 17,239,670 8,411.7 1945 134,955 15,379,350 8,775.1 1946 14,702,870 1947 140,947 15,421,630 9,139.6

5. JAPAN.

5.1.1 Electricity consumption in the manufacturing sector

The data on electricity consumption for manufacturing is reported as Table 10-5

http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/chouki/10.htm.

The data was originally published in the "Electricity Enterprises Handbook" edited by the Federation of Electric Companies of Japan under the supervision of the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy. The data covers the period from 1930.

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