EMBEDDED METADATA IN WAVE FILES: A LOOK INSIDE ISSUES AND TOOLS

Chris Lacinak, AudioVisual Preservation Solutions, USA¹⁹ What is Embedded Metadata

Metadata is an integral component of digital preservation and an essential part of the digital object. Files without appropriate metadata are not understandable, interpretable, or manage-able. Effectively, there is no preservation or meaningful access without metadata.

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also stores the essence to which the metadata refers.

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labels, annotations, and written documentation stored inside of material housing, or even as

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these are all means of maintaining external or non-inferable intellectual knowledge pertaining to content and carrier, leveraging the technology supported by the carrier.

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Why embed

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*%(+- TYFPMWLIHEHSGYQIRXXMXPIHEmbedding Metadata in Digital Audio Files²⁰ that explored the topic of embedded metadata within the context of archives. The following is an excerpt from this document:

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Embedded metadata can provide information to and support functionality for vari-ous persons and systems at a variety of points in the content life cycle. For example, MXGERLIPTXLIHMKMXM^MRKYRMXSVSVKERM^EXMSREWMXTVSHYGIWERHTVIWIVZIWGSRXIRX

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internal actors, some to external, and some to both.

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the critical information necessary for intellectual and access control in situations where the

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fax: 866-264-4275, [email protected], http://www.avpreserve.com, facebook.com/AVPreserve, twitter.com/

AVPreserve

20 *IHIVEP%KIRGMIW%YHMS:MWYEP;SVOMRK+VSYTEmbedding Metadata in Digital Audio Files: Introductory Discussion for the Federal Agencies Guideline. http://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/audio-visual/documents/Embed_

Intro_090915.pdf Consulted 20 May 2011.

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the production process. This need has resulted in production and asset management develop-ers integrating embedded metadata mechanisms into their systems. End-usdevelop-ers rely on embed-ded metadata for search and retrieval of audiovisual content on a daily basis within computer operating systems, applications such as iTunes, and on sites such as archive.org where users WLEVIEYHMS½PIW

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metadata

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www.supreme.state.az.us/opin/pdf2009/cv090036pr.pdf Consulted 20 May 2011.

superiors regarding his performance was submitted as evidence in court. Through inspection SJIQFIHHIHQIXEHEXEMX[EWHMWGSZIVIHXLEXXLIPIXXIVLEHFIIRFEGOHEXIHERH[EWEJEPWM½GE-XMSR%WTEVXSJXLI'SYVX´WHIGMWMSRMXWXEXIH±MJETYFPMGIRXMX]QEMRXEMRWETYFPMGVIGSVHMRER

electronic format, then the electronic version, including any embedded metadata, is subject to HMWGPSWYVIYRHIVSYVTYFPMGVIGSVHWPE[W²

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Metadata Standard, a robust standard enabling rich sets of embedded metadata to be leveraged [MXLMR[SVO¾S[WERHETTPMGEXMSRWXLEXLERHPIHMKMXEPMQEKIW

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Recently, an open source application by the name of creepy was developed by Yiannis Kakavas, an academic interested in information security who wants to raise awareness about the infor-QEXMSRXLEXTISTPIEVIQEOMRKEZEMPEFPIEFSYXXLIQWIPZIWZMETYFPMWLMRK½PIWXSXLI-RXIVRIX

Creepy is described²⁴ by the creator as “an application that allows you to gather geolocation related information about users from social networking platforms and image hosting services.

The information is presented in a map inside the application where all the retrieved data is WLS[REGGSQTERMIH[MXLVIPIZERXMRJSVQEXMSRMI[LEX[EWTSWXIHJVSQXLEXWTIGM½GPSGE- XMSR XSTVSZMHIGSRXI\XXSXLITVIWIRXEXMSR²8LIETTPMGEXMSRLEVRIWWIWXLI+47HEXEIQFIH-ded into photos and recordings created on personal devices and by services such as Twitter and Foursquare. When made so readily accessible and viewed in the aggregate many people

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While privacy concerns are not the intent of this paper, creepy is worth noting as a project centered around embedded metadata that has received much attention as of late. That and the iPhone brouhaha also underscore the great need for understanding and being aware of the I\MWXIRGIERHTSXIRXMEPYWIWSVQMWYWIW SJEYXSQEXMGEPP]KIRIVEXIHIQFIHHIHQIXEHEXE

For those charged with managing collections that include born digital media, awareness of and support for embedded metadata is imperative. Embedded metadata is an aid to archives and GSRWIVZEXSVWMRXLIHMKMXEPEKIJSVZIVMJ]MRKEYXLIRXMGMX]MRXIKVMX]ERHTVSZIRERGISJ½PIW-XEPWS

enables increased accessibility and administrative capabilities. Practically speaking, to ignore embedded metadata is to effectively de-catalog an asset. Metadata capture has long been a resource intensive and challenging proposition for archives. The unprecedented rate of growth

24 'VIIT]'VIIT];IFWMXIhttp://ilektrojohn.github.com/creepy/ Consulted 20 May 2011

25 Arthur, Charles. 20 April 2011. ‘iPhone keeps record of everywhere you go.’ guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.

co.uk/technology/2011/apr/20/iphone-tracking-prompts-privacy-fears Consulted 20 May 2011.

in audiovisual content production that has taken place in the past decade creates challenges on EGSQTPIXIP]HMJJIVIRXSVHIVSJQEKRMXYHI,S[IZIV[MXLXLIMRGVIEWIHYXMPM^EXMSRSJIQFIH-HIHQIXEHEXEF]W]WXIQWXLEXEYXSQEXMGEPP]TSTYPEXI½PIW[MXLXIGLRMGEPWXVYGXYVEPHIWGVMTXMZI

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reducing challenges related to both quantity and quality of metadata.

Tool development

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of the comparative analysis performed on the embedded metadata standards reviewed.

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meet their needs. Their decisions regarding what metadata to embed and where to embed it EVIHIXEMPIHMREHSGYQIRXTYFPMWLIHSRXLI*%(+-[IFWMXI²⁷

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develop a free, open source tool that would allow embedding, editing and exporting of meta-HEXE[MXLMR;%:)½PIW8LMWXSSP[EWREQIH&;*1IXE)HMXERHGERFIJSYRHJSVHS[RPSEHEX

http://sourceforge.net/projects/bwfmetaedit/

Features of BWF MetaEdit include:

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EYHMSZMWYEPHSGYQIRXW%:47C%YHMSC1IXEHEXEC3ZIVZMI[CTHf Consulted 20 May 2011.

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*IHIVEP%KIRG]9WISJ&VSEHGEWX;%:)*MPIWhttp://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/audio-visual/documents/Em-bed_Guideline_090915r.pdf Consulted 20 May 2011.

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Batch and individual operation



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Export technical metadata from Format Chunks and minimal metadata from bext and



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Putting embedded metadata to the test

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across a variety of audio recording software applications. The study sought to answer two primary questions:

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2.

Three tests, described below, were designed for this study, each one consisting of a test meth-SHERHVIJIVIRGI½PIW

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primary focus for evaluation in all tests is identifying whether existing metadata persists unaltered.

3. : This evaluation tests how

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Results from this study demonstrated that few of the standard metadata chunks are supported in their entirety by any software application. Rather, applications tend to display and provide EGGIWWXSWIPIGXIH½IPHWSJXLIMVGLSSWMRKJVSQIEGLGLYROWXERHEVH-RKIRIVEPXLI&VSEHGEWX

as metadata or audio editing are performed. Embedded metadata does not persist nor is its MRXIKVMX]QEMRXEMRIHGSRWMWXIRXP][LIRXLIWEQI½PIMWYWIHEGVSWWXLIEYHMSWSJX[EVIETTPMGE-tions studied.

These issues have major implications for the use of embedded metadata over time and across [SVO¾S[W8LI½RHMRKWSJXLMWWXYH]VEMWIWIVMSYWGSRGIVRWTEVXMGYPEVP]JSVXLIEVGLMZMRKERH

preservation communities who rely on embedded metadata for interpretation and manage-QIRXSJHMKMXEP½PIWVITVIWIRXMRKTVIWIVZIHGSRXIRXMRXSXLIJYXYVI

Next Steps

There are two things that readers should NOT take away from this article:

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hopeful and valuable precedent for successful collaboration between software developers, manufacturers and users in support of embedded metadata generation and persistence.

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29 SAA Photo Metadata Project: http://www.photometadata.org/ Consulted 20 May 2011

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these stakeholders in the audio industry. With increased awareness and communication,ac the most troubling of these issues, such as erasure of unsupported metadata, are relatively IEW]SRIWXSWSPZI%XXLIXMQISJXLMW[VMXMRKXLI%67'8'1IXEHEXE7XYH]6ITSVXMWET-TVSEGLMRKTYFPMGEXMSRZMEXLI%67'[IFWMXI³⁰ This study helps quantify the issues and will be an effective aid in communication between the various stakeholders regarding embed-HIHQIXEHEXEWYTTSVXQEREKIQIRXERHFILEZMSVW[MXLMRETTPMGEXMSRWLERHPMRKEYHMS½PIW

For readers that are able to contribute to, and participate in, stakeholder discussions, we ask that you please contact this author to discuss the issues further.

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metadata study to put your new awareness of the issues to work by incorporating new qual-MX]GSRXVSPTVSGIHYVIWERHVSYXMRIWMRXS]SYVEYHMS½PI[SVO¾S[W%YHMS±QIXEHEXETEXLW²

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maintenance and testing.

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audio collections. Over the past decade in the transition to the digital domain the archival com-QYRMX]SJXIRUYIWXMSRIHXLIMQTPMGEXMSRWSJXLMWWLMJXJVSQTL]WMGEPQIHMEXS½PIW8LIIZSPYXMSR

of our collective awareness and toolset for working with embedded metadata, and grappling [MXLLS[MX½XWMRXSXLIMRJSVQEXMSREVGLMXIGXYVIWIVZIWEWETSMKRERXI\EQTPISJXLI[E]WMR

which our understanding and practices must change in order to meet preservation principles and provide meaningful long-term access to collections.

30 %67';IFWMXIhttp://www.arsc-audio.org/ Consulted 20 May 2011

In document EBU R128 loudness analysis for archive content (Page 55-63)