End of the Cold War, the 1970s to the Present

481. During his presidency, Richard Nixon’s “southern strategy” policy focused on

(A) cutting funding to southern schools that were still segregated (B) making it easier to meet desegregation requirements

(E) gaining popular African-American support in the South

482. In foreign aff airs, President Nixon’s policy of détente was illustrated by (A) relaxing Cold War tensions by engaging in talks with China and the

Soviet Union

(B) rejecting the ideals of realpolitik (C) his bombing campaign of Cambodia (D) fi ring Henry Kissinger as secretary of state (E) rejecting the SALT I agreement

483. Th e SALT I and SALT II agreements were created primarily to (A) form a cartel controlling a majority of the world’s petroleum

resources

(B) create diplomatic ties between the United States and China (C) negotiate arms control between the major superpowers (D) further the U.S. policy of containment of communism (E) reduce tensions within the Middle East

18

484. What was the primary reason behind the Watergate break-in in 1972? (A) Nixon wanted to purge his administration of possible communist

infi ltration.

(B) CREEP wanted to spy on the Democratic Party.

(C) President Nixon wanted to recapture the leaked Pentagon Papers. (D) Th e FBI was monitoring the Democratic Party’s election campaign. (E) Nixon wanted to fake a break-in of his campaign headquarters to gain

public support.

485. Th e combination of infl ation and economic recession faced in the United States in 1973 was caused in part by

(A) the opening of diplomatic relations with China and the Soviet Union (B) OPEC’s increasing the price of oil

(C) the North Vietnamese capture of Saigon (D) the signing of the Camp David Accords (E) the signing of the SALT I agreement

486. What action did Gerald Ford take to attempt to heal the nation following the Watergate Scandal?

(A) He asked citizens to wear WIN buttons. (B) He pardoned Richard Nixon.

(C) He provided military support to the South Vietnamese government. (D) He ordered a full investigation of the Nixon administration. (E) He signed the Helsinki Accords.

487. Jimmy Carter won the 1976 presidential election by (A) fl aunting his knowledge of nuclear technology (B) capturing the support of the Moral Majority (C) promoting himself as a Washington outsider (D) increasing government regulations on industries (E) proposing a tax on gasoline

488. Th e 1978 peace agreement between Israel and Egypt was called the (A) Helsinki Accords

(B) Geneva Accords (C) Peace of Paris (D) Camp David Accords (E) SALT agreements

489. What international incident helped Ronald Reagan defeat Jimmy Carter in 1980?

(A) First Persian Gulf War (B) Camp David Accords (C) Iran hostage crisis (D) Iran-Contra Aff air (E) Signing of SALT I

490. What were the two major areas of focus of Ronald Reagan’s economic plan?

(A) Expanding federal assistance programs and increasing government (B) Adopting Keynesian economics and cutting military spending (C) Funding urban development and lowering taxes on the wealthy (D) Lowering taxes and reducing government regulations

(E) Increasing taxes and expanding the Great Society

491. Who was appointed the fi rst female Supreme Court justice? (A) Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg

(B) Sandra Day O’Connor (C) Frances Perkins (D) Sonia Sotomayor (E) Margaret Th atcher

492. What was the overall impact of perestroika and glasnost on the Cold War? (A) Th ey strengthened the communist system in Eastern Europe. (B) Th ey brought an end to the strategic arms race between the United

States and Soviet Union.

(D) Th ey led to the SALT I and II agreements. (E) Th ey resulted in the Iran-Contra Aff air.

493. Th e First Persian Gulf War began when Saddam Hussein (A) launched an attack on Israel

(B) overthrew the democratic Iraqi government (C) attempted to assassinate George H. W. Bush (D) launched an invasion of Kuwait

494. In attempting to reform the nation’s health care system, President Clinton wanted to

(A) provide health insurance to all Americans (B) provide health care coverage for the poor

(E) provide health insurance to the elderly

495. Th e Republican Party’s 1994 Contract with America pledged to (A) fully fund the “Star Wars” program

(B) end the federal welfare system (C) balance the federal budget (D) pass universal health care (E) tighten immigration laws

496. Th e 2000 presidential election was similar to the 1824 election in that (A) the House of Representatives decided the election

(B) Republicans captured all three branches of government

(D) neither candidate won enough electoral votes to win the presidency (E) the Supreme Court had to decide the fi nal outcome

497. Th e controversy in which members of President Reagan’s administration illegally sold arms in violation of a congressional embargo has become known as

(A) the Iran-Contra Aff air (B) the S&L crisis (C) Whitewater (D) the HUD scandal (E) the Inslaw Aff air

498. Which of the following statements is true of the impeachments of both President Clinton and President Johnson?

(A) Both presidents were accused of illegally fi ring advisers.

(B) Both presidents were accused of committing perjury while under oath.

(D) Because of the impeachments, neither president sought reelection. (E) Both presidents were found not guilty by the Senate.

499. Which of the following events is not associated with Al Qaeda? (A) the bombing of the USS Cole

(B) the September 11 attacks

(D) the bombing of the Oklahoma City Federal Building (E) the Madrid train bombings

500. Which of the following legislation was passed in direct response to the events of September 11, 2001?

(A) the USA PATRIOT Act (B) the FISA Act

❮ 129

Chapter 1

1. (C) Th roughout the last Ice Age, over the period of roughly 22,000 to 7,000 years ago, the climactic shift caused increased glaciations in both the Arctic and Antarctic, causing a global lowering of ocean levels. During this same period, other land bridges such as those connecting Australia to surrounding lands also appeared. Interestingly, D is incorrect because climatologists theorize that during this time period, there was a lack of precipitation caused by ocean currents and location of regional mountain ranges.

2. (E) Maize fi rst appeared circa 5000 b.c. in the highland regions of Mexico. It reached North America in about 1200 b.c., though the spread of its cultivation in North America is believed to have been slower than in other parts of the Americas.

3. (E) With the exception of groups such as the Cahokia settlement in the present-day Mississippi Basin and the Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazis) culture in the Four Corners region of the Southwest, most Native American groups in North America lived in small, imper- manent, matrilinear groups right up to the arrival of European explorers.

4. (A) Th e Native American Mississippian Valley culture is often associated with vast com- plexes of mound structures constructed around a.d. 1200. Archaeological evidence shows that this group illustrated a much higher level of political organization than was common among most indigenous populations in North America, though the civilization began to decline and vanish nearly a century prior to European arrival in North America.

5. (E) Th e Iroquois League founded around the 16th century initially consisted of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca and spanned what is now southeastern Canada into New York. While initially consisting of fi ve nations, the league expanded to six when the Tuscarora joined in the 1700s. Th e league began to decline after its allies, the British, were defeated in the American Revolution. Th e Powhatan were a tribe from eastern Virginia that controlled a confederacy of roughly 30 tributary tribes. Th ey are associated with the early history of the Jamestown settlement. Pocahontas, the daughter of a Powhatan chief, is stated to have rescued John Smith. Th e confederation declined after the two Pow- hatan Wars in the 1600s.

6. (C) Th ough the Native Americans had developed high-yielding agriculture illustrated by the Th ree Sisters (maize, beans, and squash) cultivated by groups such as the Creek and Cherokee, they did not develop the intensive farming techniques commonplace in Europe. Th is could be partly due to the commonly held reverence for the natural world. However, many groups did use slash-and-burn clearing techniques to open forest and clear areas for agriculture on a limited basis.

7. (A) L’Anse aux Meadows, located in present-day Newfoundland, marks the location where Norse seafarers arrived around a.d. 1000. Th e settlement was short lived and soon forgotten except in Norse legend. Later archaeological fi nds rediscovered the settlement in the 1960s.

8. (B) Th e pre-Columbian Mesoamerican and Central American civilizations developed highly sophisticated societies, such as the Aztecs (containing by some estimates over 20,000 people at the time of European arrival), as well as highly complex trade networks. Also, the Mayans demonstrated advances in astronomy in their calendar. However, large, domesti- cated draft animals were not introduced until European arrival.

9. (A) Th e technique of growing beans, squash, and maize fi rst appeared around a.d. 1000. Th e maize provided a structure for the beans, and the squash aided in maintaining moisture in the soil. Th is allowed populations’ densities to increase within the Eastern Seaboard region of North America.

10. (C) Most Native Americans believed that while one had the right to use land for various purposes, it could not be owned outright. Th erefore, while one person could grant permission to another to use land, it could not be sold outright.

11. (A) Th e Anasazi or Ancestral Puebloans established the cliff dwellings that now defi ne areas such as Mesa Verde and Hovenweep on the Colorado Plateau. Th e civilization reached its high point around a.d. 900–1130. Archaeologists debate the reason for their disappear- ance, though many speculate it may have resulted from prolonged drought.

12. (A) Native American groups across the North American continent shared the trait of using kinship networks to defi ne their clans. Th ey consisted of a group of related families (aunts, uncles, cousins, etc.) connected through common ancestry.

13. (B) Maize, commonly referred to as corn, is a New World crop originating from the area that is now modern-day Mexico. Wheat, cattle, horses, and coff ee are Old World crops. Th e introduction of American agricultural products to Europe and vice versa is part of what is called the Columbian Exchange.

14. (A) Th e Navajo occupied the area that is now Utah, Arizona, and Mexico. Th e Ojibwa are in the region of modern Minnesota. Th e Powhatan occupied the area around the James- town settlement in Virginia. Th e fi rst Anglo-Powhattan War ended with the marriage of the Powhatan chief’s daughter Pocahontas to settler John Rolfe. Th e Pequot occupied the region of modern-day Connecticut, and the Wampanoag were located in Massachusetts. Th e leader of the Wampanoag, Metacom, was known to the settlers as King Philip. In 1675, a war broke out between the settlers and the Wampanoag; it became known as King Philip’s War.

15. (A) Wampum were belts made of beads usually constructed from shells. Wampum was used by Eastern Woodland tribes for multiple purposes including noting treaties and commemorating historical events. After the European arrival, wampum was also used as a type of currency with colonial traders.

Chapter 2

16. (D) While the crusaders were mostly unsuccessful in maintaining lands conquered in the Middle East, the returning soldiers introduced many new Eastern commodities,

which created a strong market demand for them within Europe. To bypass the land routes traditionally used by traders and bypass Mediterranean nations such as the Italian states, many nations began to explore possible sea routes, ushering a new age of innovations in maritime travel.

17. (C) While the Black Death had a strong impact on European societies, the increase in trade and an emerging class of merchants played the leading role in ending feudalism. With trade, merchants and artisans moved away from the manor system, which was the basis of feudalism during the Middle Ages. Also, towns and cities became more dominant, as did the return of currency-based economies.

18. (B) Th e Magna Carta, which was signed by King John in 1215, ensured certain liber- ties to all free people, as well as protection of certain rights. Many of these rights can be seen in the present-day Bill of Rights. While the initial document attempted to check the absolute rule of the king, the notion of a true separation of powers did not truly originate with the 1215 signing, and while commoners did gain certain protections under the document, it was the aristocracy that forced the king to eventually agree to the charter.

19. (C) Th e Columbian Exchange refers to the transfer of European products in exchange for those in the Americas. While this exchange would become a cornerstone of trade, it was not limited to the exchange of agricultural or material goods. It also included diseases, ideas, and even humans through the form of slaves exported to Europe.

20. (C) Under the encomienda system, Spanish colonists were granted not only land but also the labor of the indigenous people to guarantee a profi t. Th is was initially off ered with the understanding that the Spanish would ensure protection and fair treatment, but most indigenous workers were exploited under this arrangement. Th is system would become a foundation of the economy for Spanish colonies in the Americas and also used later in the Philippines.

21. (A) In 1532, Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire located in present-day Peru. Th e Incan population had recently been infl icted with a wave of smallpox, which destabilized the political leadership within the region. Th e event happened roughly 11 years after Hernán Cortés subdued the Aztec Empire in the region that is modern-day Mexico. Th e Aztecs also were considerably weakened by an outbreak of smallpox.

22. (D) Th e 1494 agreement created a line that would divide the unclaimed land left in the Americas between the Spanish and the Portuguese. Th e line of demarcation established in the treaty was roughly halfway between the Portuguese-held Cape Verde Islands and Spanish-held Hispaniola. Spain gained lands west of the line, while Portugal gained lands to the east. Th e eff ects of this are illustrated to this day by the Portuguese-speaking nation of Brazil.

23. (A) In 1513, Balboa led his expedition across the Isthmus of Panama and became the fi rst European explorer to see the Pacifi c Ocean. Its name was given by Ferdinand Magellan, who labeled it the “peaceful sea.” Coronado notably explored the North American Southwest from the area ranging from modern-day Kansas to the Grand Canyon. Vespucci identifi ed

South America as a continent by exploring its coastline. Th e Americas still serve as his name- sake. Vasco da Gama was the fi rst European explorer to reach India by sailing around Africa in 1498. Dias was the fi rst European explorer to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488.

24. (D) Sieur Robert Cavelier de La Salle explored the lower Mississippi River in 1682 and claimed the surrounding territory for France, naming it Louisiana in honor of his sovereign, Louis XIV. In 1535, Cartier explored the Saint Lawrence River. Louis Joliet, a priest, explored the Great Lakes and upper Mississippi River with Jacques Marquette, a French trader, setting up missions and trading posts in 1637. In 1608, Quebec, France’s fi rst permanent settlement, was established by Samuel de Champlain.

25. (D) While the Spanish and French made religious conversion a major goal of New World settlement, the Spanish were able to export vast amounts of wealth from the Ameri- cas in the form of precious metals. Th e early French explorers in North America pursued an intensive fur trade.

26. (C) El Camino Real, or royal road, was a system of trails that connected the various Spanish missions, forts, and outposts along northern Mexico and California’s western coast. El Camino de Cruces refers to a path created through the Panamanian jungle after Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan civilization in South America in 1531. Th e path was used to transport precious metals and other goods to eastern ports. Th e Old Spanish Trail is a system of routes initially used by the Spanish but named by John C. Fremont as he surveyed lands in the U.S. Southwest during the 1840s.

27. (C) Pueblos initially referred to communities established by Native Americans in the Southwest. Th ey became centers of trade, though they also became sites of violence such as the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. Missions served as the primary location for religious conversion. Th ey were established by the Catholic Church. Presidios were the names of the military outposts established throughout New Spain. Ejiados were the communal lands held by Native Americans within Mexico.

28. (D) Starting with Christopher Columbus’s fi rst expedition to the Americas, the spread of Christianity served as a major function of exploration. While the papacy did play a role within the New World, such as the establishment of the line of demarcation under the Treaty of Tordesillas, the Spanish monarchy retained sovereignty over its possessions in the Americas.

29. (B) Even though the Dutch Reformed Church was maintained as the offi cial church of Dutch settlements in North America, such as that of New Amsterdam (present-day New York), the Dutch attempted to attract many of the populations displaced by confl icts following the Reformation. By the 1700s, nearly half of the population in Dutch possession was not Dutch and did not follow the Dutch Reformed Church.

30. (D) In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan and his crew of over 230 men and fi ve ships left Spain to fi nd a western route to Asia. In 1522, a single ship from the expedition and a small crew of 18 survivors returned, completing the fi rst trip around the globe. Magellan himself did not survive the voyage. He was killed during a dispute between his crew and an indigenous population in the Philippines.

Chapter 3

31. (B) In a proprietary colony, the individuals who receive the charter to found the colony retain the rights to create laws for the colony and appoint the governor. Many colonies were founded in this manner, but the practice began to decline in the 1700s as the monarchy began to concentrate its control. By the outbreak of the American Revolution, only Dela- ware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania still held proprietary charters.

32. (A) Th e Middle Passage was part of the triangle of trade routes that defi ned Atlantic

In document AP U.S. History Questions (Page 132-200)