Environmental Attitude Scale

Please read the following statements carefully, and in the space provided rate the extent of your agreement or disagreement with each of the statements. [1 – 7 scales: Strongly disagree to Strongly agree]

1. I try hard to carry my pro-environmental beliefs over into all the other parts of my life.

2. I try to appear pro-environmental to please others, but I really don't believe environmental issues are important.

3. Because of my personal values, I believe that ignoring environmental matters is OK.

4. I try to act pro-environmentally because of pressure from others.

5. Although today's PC (Politically Correct) standards pressure me to express pro-environmental views, I don't really believe the environment is threatened.

6. When it comes to questions about the environment, I feel driven to know the truth.

7. If I did something that might harm the environment, I would be concerned that others would be angry with me.

8. I do not attempt to appear pro-environmental to others.

9. According to my personal values, ignoring human impacts on the larger ecosystem is OK.

10. It is not important for me to appear pro-environmental to others.

11. I am motivated by my personal beliefs to try to protect the environment.

12. The interrelatedness of all living things in the ecosystem is something I have never felt personally compelled to consider.

13. I try to express only my pro-environmental views in order to avoid negative reactions from others.

14. What happens to the larger ecosystem, beyond what happens to humans, and doesn’t make much difference to me.

15. I have not found it essential to try to protect the larger ecosystem, beyond what happens to humans.

16. Because of today's PC (Politically Correct) standards, I try to appear pro-environment.

17. It is personally important to me to try to protect the larger ecosystem, beyond what happens to humans.

Questionnaire 2: Moral Licensing and Cleansing Manipulation

Pro-environmental behaviour is an increasingly prominent theme in today's world. People's pro-environmental actions can make a positive difference. It is widely seen as important that everyone makes their own full contribution towards a more sustainable society and planet.

Some important pro-environmental actions are listed below.

Moral Condition

Please indicate whether or not you have ever carried out each of these. Have you ever...

... switched off a light in a room that was not in use?

... turned off your computer when not in use?

... bought an 'organic' product of some sort?

... put waste paper in the recycling rather than throwing it away?

... put waste glass products in the recycling rather than throwing it away?

Please indicate to how many of the above 5 behaviours you have responded 'Yes, I have done this'. Insert the appropriate number between 1 and 5. ………

Immoral Condition

Please indicate whether or not you have ever carried out each of these.'''Have you ever...''' ... donated over £50 to an environmental charity (e.g. World-Wide Fund for Nature)?

... made a public commitment not to take any flights for a year (or more)?

... volunteered your time to an environmental charity, for over 20 hours a week?

... joined a national or international environmental organization?

... written to your MP to urge him/her to back pro-environmental legislation?

Please indicate to how many of the above 5 behaviours you have responded 'Yes, I have done this'. Insert the appropriate number between 1 and 5. ………….

Control Group

Please indicate whether or not you have ever carried out each of these. '''Have you ever...''' ... visited the Tower of London?

... completed a Sudoku puzzle?

... eaten in an Indonesian restaurant?

... walked up a small mountain?

... played chess?

Please indicate to how many of the above 5 behaviours you have responded 'Yes, I have done this'. Insert the appropriate number between 1 and 5. …………..

Questionnaire 3: Theory of Planned Behaviour Measures

We each can affect the environment in many different ways -- through our driving, flying, heating our homes, for example; even the type of food we eat can make a difference.

Our carbon footprint is the amount of carbon dioxide that enters the atmosphere because of the electricity and fuel we use. It's measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is part of a collection of gases that negatively influence the quality of our air and increase the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases have a direct influence on the

environment, causing extreme weather changes, a global temperature increase, the loss of ecosystems and potentially hazardous health effects for people.

In the following questions, we ask you about your views about reducing your carbon footprint in the near future (this can be done in many ways).

Please think about reducing carbon footprint within the next few months as you answer the following questions.

Attitudes Items

− “My attitude towards reducing my "carbon footprint" within the next few months is...”

[Extremely negative to Extremely positive] [Extremely unfavourable to Extremely favourable]

Behavioural intentions Items

− “My intention to reduce my "carbon footprint" within the next few months is:” [Extremely week to Extremely strong ]

− “I shall make an effort to reduce my "carbon footprint" within the next few months:”

[Extremely unlikely to Extremely likely]

− “I intend to reduce my "carbon footprint" within the next few months:” [Extremely unlikely to Extremely likely]

Subjective norm Items

− “Most people who are important to me would support me reducing my "carbon footprint"

within the next few months.” [Strongly disagree to Strongly agree]

− “Most people who are important to me think that I should reduce my "carbon footprint"

within the next few months.”[ Strongly disagree to Strongly agree]

Perceived behavioural control Items

− “For me, reducing my "carbon footprint" within the next few months would be:”

[Extremely difficult to Extremely easy]

− If I wanted to I could reduce my "carbon footprint" within the next few months. [Strongly disagree to Strongly agree]

Moral Norms Items

− “I would feel guilty if I did not reduce my "carbon footprint" within the next few months.”

[Strongly disagree to Strongly agree]

− “It would be morally right for me to reduce my "carbon footprint" within the next few months” [Strongly disagree to Strongly agree]

− “I have a moral obligation to reduce my "carbon footprint" within the next few months.”

[Strongly disagree to Strongly agree]

− “Reducing my "carbon footprint" within the next few months would fit in with my ethical principles” [Strongly disagree to Strongly agree]

Outcome Measures,

Your carbon footprint mostly depends on:

• how much energy you use to heat your home

• the electronics and appliances you use

• what kind of transport you use day-to-day

• how often you fly.

Knowing your carbon footprint helps you understand your impact on the environment - and, more importantly, find easy ways to reduce that impact.

Therefore, calculating your "carbon footprint" would be the first step towards reducing it.

If you would like to calculate your "carbon footprint", we will direct you to a useful webpage.

Yes, I would like to be directed to the webpage No, I do not want to be directed to the webpage

Final Page

Your responses have now been submitted.

If you have asked for information about the webpage to calculate your "carbon footprint", please click this link: https://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/research/psylab/mg296/carbon.php You will be automatically entered into the prize draw (there are two prizes of £50 each)! That is: two participants in this research will be selected at random and will each win £50!

Thank you very much for your participation in our research! This is very much appreciated.

Appendix 4