epicormic buds are a type of adventitious bud. They lie in a dormant state under the bark of some woody plants. Their growth can be triggered in response to physical damage, or when there are no other buds left. Gardeners usually call upon epicormic buds when they perform hard pruning, but it must be noted that not all plants can be relied upon to produce shoots from epicormic buds. Many conifers, for example, as well as lavender and rosemary, can be killed by hard pruning.
eucalyptus trees in Australia rely heavily on epicormic buds, which is an evolutionary adaptation to bush fires. In these trees the buds are set very deep in order to resist extreme temperatures. Growth of these dormant buds is triggered by fire, after which regenerative growth begins.
some species are able to grow roots from adventitious buds, and gardeners exploit this ability when they take cuttings. willows and poplars are able to take root easily from bare stems cut from the plant in winter (hardwood cuttings), and roses can also be propagated this way. In some trees, several epicormic buds break at the same point, producing a profusion of thin stems called “water shoots.”
Eucalyptus obliqua, messmate, australian oak
Rosa pendulina, alpine rose
Many rose species only flower once, whereas modern cultivars produce flower buds throughout the summer.
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“ th e a rt o f d wa r f i n g t r e e s , a s c o m m o n l y p r ac t i c e d
b o t h i n C h i n a a n d Ja pa n , i s i n r e a l i t y v e r y s i m p l e . . .
It i s b a s e d u p o n o n e o f t h e c o m m o n e s t p r i n c i p l e s o f
v e g e ta b l e p h y s i o l o g y. A n y t h i n g w h i c h h a s a t e n d e n c y t o
c h e c k o r r e ta r d t h e f l o w o f t h e s a p i n t r e e s , a l s o p r e v e n t s ,
t o a c e rta i n e x t e n t, t h e f o r m at i o n o f w o o d a n d l e av e s .”
Robert Fortune in Three Years’ Wanderings in the Northern Provinces of China
o
ur gardens would be much the poorer if it weren’t for the brave exploits of the enigmatic and notoriously surly botanist and plant hunter robert Fortune. during several visits—mainly to China, but also to Indonesia, Japan, hong Kong, and the Philippines—Fortune brought back more than two hundred ornamental plants. These were mainly trees and shrubs, but they also included climbers and herbaceous perennials.he was born in Kelloe, in the northeast of england, and was first employed in the royal botanic Garden, edinburgh. Later he was appointed as deputy superintendent of the hothouse department in the garden of the horticultural society of London (later to be renamed the royal horticultural society) in Chiswick. A few months later, Fortune was granted the position of the society’s collector in China.
he was sent on his first journey in 1843 with little pay and a request to “collect seeds and plants of ornamental or useful kind, not already cultivated in britain,” as well as to obtain information on Chinese gardening and agriculture.
he was especially tasked to find any blue-flowered peonies and to investigate the peaches growing in the emperor’s private garden, among other things.
each trip enriched britain’s gardens and green- houses with plants covering nearly the whole A–Z of genera from Abelia chinensis to Wisteria sinensis, including Camellia reticulata, chrysanthemums, Cryp- tomeria japonica, various Daphne species, Deutzia scabra, Jasminum officinale, Primula
japonica, and various Rhododendron species. Although his travels resulted in the introduction to europe of many new and exotic plants, probably his most famous accomplishment was the successful
transporting of tea plants from China to the darjeeling region of India in 1848 on behalf
of the british east India Company. Fortune used one of the latest inventions to
transport the plants—nathaniel bagshaw ward’s wardian case. Unfortunately, most of the 20,000 tea plants and seedlings
R o b e rt F o rt u n e
1 8 1 2 – 1 8 8 0
A great explorer of the Far east in the mid-1800s, robert Fortune returned to britain with over 200 species of ornamental plant.
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perished, but the group of trained Chinese tea workers who came back with him, and their technology and knowledge, were probably instrumental in the setting up and the success of the Indian tea industry.
Fortune was generally well received on his travels, but did experience hostility and was once threatened at knifepoint by an angry mob. he also survived killer storms in the yellow sea and pirate attacks on the yangtse river.
he became proficient enough at speaking Mandarin that he was able to adopt the local dress and move among the Chinese people largely unnoticed. This enabled him to visit parts of the country that were off limits to foreigners. by shaving his head and growing a ponytail, he was able to effectively blend in.
The incidents of his travels were related in a succession of books, which include Three Years’ Wanderings in the Northern Provinces of China (1847), A Journey to the Tea Countries of China (1852), A Residence Among the Chinese (1857), and Yedo and Peking (1863).
he died in London in 1880, and is buried in brompton Cemetery.
numerous plants were named after robert Fortune, including Cephalotaxus fortunei, Cyrtomium fortunei, Euonymus fortunei, Hosta fortunei, Keteleeria fortunei, Mahonia fortunei, Osmanthus fortunei, Pleioblastus variegatus “Fortunei,” Rhododendron fortunei, Rosa × fortuneana, and Trachycarpus fortunei. Rhododendron fortunei,
rhododendron
Fortune found this plant growing at 3,000 ft (900 m) in the mountains of eastern China. It was the first Chinese rhododendron introduced to britain. Camellia sinensis,
tea tree
robert Fortune was instrumental in introducing tea to India from China, establishing the Indian tea industry that we know today.
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b o t A n y F o r G A r d e n e r s