5.8 Equivalence between sparse and dense analy-ses.
We have shown thatSSIfytransforms a program P into another program Ps s i with the same semantics. Furthermore, this representation provides the SSI property for a system of equations Ed e n s es s i that we extract from Ps s i. This system is isomorphic to the system of equations Ed e n s e that we extract from P. From the so obtained program under SSI for the constrained system Ed e n s es s i , Definition 5.3 shows how to construct a sparse constrained system Es p a r s es s i . When transfer functions are mono-tone and the lattice has finite height, Theorem 5.4 states the equivalence between the sparse and the dense systems. The purpose of this section is to prove this the-orem. We start by introducing the notion of coalescing. Let E be a constraint sys-tem that associates with each 1≤ i ≤ n the constraint ai v Hi(a1, . . . , an), where each ai is an element of a latticeL of finite height, and Hi is a monotone func-tion fromLn toL . Let (A1, . . . , An) be the maximum solution to this system, and let 1≤ m ≤ n such that ∀i , 1 ≤ i ≤ m , Ai = Am. We define a “coalesced"
con-5.8. EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN SPARSE AND DENSE ANALYSES.
straint system Ecoa l in the following way: for each 1≤ i ≤ m we create the con-straint bmv Hi(bm, . . . ,bm,bm+1, . . . ,bn); for each m < i ≤ n we create the constraint bi v Hi(bm, . . . ,bm,bm+1, . . . ,bn). Lemma 5.12 shows that coalescing preserves the maximum solution of the original system.
Lemma 5.12 (Equivalence with coalescing). If E is a constraint system with maxi-mum solution(A1, . . . , Am, . . . , An); if for any i , j such that 1 ≤ i , j ≤ m we have that Ai = Aj; and if Ecoa l is the “coalesced" system that we derive from E by coalescing a1. . . am. Then the maximum solution of Ecoa l is(Am, . . . , An).
Proof. Both system have a (unique) maximum solution (see e.g.[103]), although the solution of the “coalesced" system has smaller cardinality, i.e.., n− m + 1. Now, as (Am, . . . , Am, Am+1, . . . , An) is a solution to E , by definition of Ecoa l,(Am, . . . , An) is a solution to Ecoa l. Let us prove that this solution is maximum, i.e. for any solution (Bm, . . . , Bn) of Ecoa l, we have(Bm, . . . , Bn) v (Am, . . . , An). By definition of Ecoa l, we have that(Bm, . . . , Bm, Bm+1, . . . , Bn) is a solution to E . As (A1, . . . , An) is maximum, we have(Bm, . . . , Bm, Bm+1, . . . , Bn) v (A1, . . . , An). So (Bm, . . . , Bn) v (Am, . . . , An).
We now prove Theorem 5.4, which states that there exists a direct mapping be-tween the maximum solution of a dense constraint system associated with a SSI-form program, and the sparse system that we can derive from it, according to Defi-nition 5.3.
Proof. The constraint systems Ed e n s es s i and Es p a r s es s i have a maximum unique solution, because the transfer functions are monotone andL has finite height
The idea of the proof is to modify the constraint system Ed e n s es s i into a system equivalent to Es p a r s es s i . To accomplish this transformation, we (i) replace each Fvs by Gvs, where Gvsis constructed as in Definition 5.3; (ii) for each v , coalesce [v ]i
i∈l i v e (v )
into[v ]; (iii) coalesce all other constraint variables into [v⊥].
The LINK property allows us to replace Fvsby Gvs. Due to SPLIT, a new variable is defined at each point where information is generated, and due to VERSION there is only one live range associated with each variable. Hence,([v ]i)i∈l i v e (v )is invariant.
Due to INFO, we have that([v ]i)i<l i v e(v )is bound to⊥. Due to Lemma 5.12, we know that this new constraint system has a maximum solution(Yv)v∈v a r i ab l e s ∪⊥: Xvi equals Yvfor all i∈ l i v e (v ), and Y⊥otherwise.
Each constraint[v ]i v Fvs([v1]s, . . . ,[vn]s), in the original system, translates to a constraint in the “coalesced” one in the following way:
if i∈live(v ) : if s ∈defs(v ) : [v ] v Gvs([a],...,[b]) (1)
else :[v ] v [v ] (2)
otherwise :[v⊥] v ⊥ (3)
Case (1) follows from LINK, case (2) follows from SPLIT, and case (3) follows from INFO. By ignoring y⊥that appears only in (3), and by removing the constraints pro-duced by (2), which are useless, we obtain Es s is p a r s e.
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