Otras herramientas de interés para el desarrollo de métodos de análisis in situ son la espectroscopia Raman y la espectroscopia infrarroja ya que son técnicas rápidas, no invasivas y se dispone de instrumentos portátiles. Las aplicaciones de análisis in situ de estas técnicas van desde la ciencia de los materiales hasta la medicina [131].
La espectroscopia Raman se ha empleado en sistemas in situ para la detección de drogas ilegales en aeropuertos [132], en controles fronterizos [133], y en el campo forense [134], tanto para la detección de drogas en ropa [135] como para la identificación de fluidos corporales en la escena de un crimen [136]. En el campo de la medicina la espectroscopia Raman también se ha empleado [137]; con esta técnica se ha podido diagnosticar cáncer de próstata [138] y se han descubierto y desarrollado medicamentos en la industria farmacéutica [139].
La espectroscopía infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) se utiliza ampliamente en campos multidisciplinares como la biomedicina [140-143], geología [144], medioambiente [145], entre otros. La FTIR permite la monitorización y control de contaminantes como aceites y grasas en diferentes matrices de agua tales como aguas naturales (aguas superficiales, subterráneas o de baño), aguas residuales y aguas de consumo humano [146], así como para caracterizar y diferenciar efluentes industriales [145]. Actualmente, las medidas mediante esta técnica espectroscópica pueden realizarse con instrumentos portátiles, permitiendo análisis rápidos in situ y ofreciendo además, la ventaja de llevar el laboratorio a la muestra sin destruirla [147]. Todas estas ventajas hacen de esta técnica una herramienta eficaz para el control en tiempo real de la producción y para la determinación de contaminantes in situ.
En esta Tesis se aplica la técnica FTIR-ATR para el estudio de la presencia de grasas en efluentes procedentes de industrias lácteas.
45
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