The initial idea for this research was that it would include equal amounts of data from all areas of the island. Unfortunately, this was not possible, since the majority of Chalcolithic excavations are in the west and south regions, while northern Cyprus remains inaccessible to research since 1974. Therefore, there is a necessity of island-wide ceramic evidence in order to evaluate patterns of regionalism and intra-interactions even further.
Moreover, due to the nature of the material, which comprises mostly of small- sized sherds, a full reconstruction of the chaȋne opératoire was not possible. Although studying some aspects of the chaȋne opératoire has satisfactory results, more studies on pottery technology in the Chalcolithic is needed, ideally combining experimental archaeology and in collaboration with ceramicists. Furthermore, petrographic analysis would permit a better understanding of the relations between these wares and would put to the test hypotheses about clay sources, procurement and processing.
As far as the possible relations between Cypriot and Anatolian pottery are concerned, petrographic studies and further studies on pottery technology, as well as a larger dataset comprising of pottery assemblages from multiple sites should be in order, for the issue to be tackled efficiently and effectively.
Additionally, there is no doubt that ceramics are an important indicator of cultural change and development, and chaȋne opératoire approaches have proven to be extremely useful in the study of past societies. However, are ceramics a sufficient proxy for the task of tracing interactions between communities? Although pottery is a vital category of material culture, it should not be considered as the ideal barometer for such changes and should be combined with other types of datasets (Bolger 1987, 75; Knapp 2013, 198). Therefore, in order to thoroughly investigate how various communities interacted and influenced one another, other aspects of the material culture, such as architecture, lithics, ground stone and figurines could be studied along with the pottery.
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In conclusion, although this research has tackled the issues of intra-insular and extra-insular interactions in Late Chalcolithic Cyprus, it has only scratched the surface of this vast topic. To begin with, processes of interaction and their social, political, cultural and economic implications are better understood over long periods of time. Therefore, although this thesis is dealing only with the Late Chalcolithic, a more long-durée approach which comprises the 3rd millennium as a whole can give us an even more complete picture.
A long durée approach of the 3rd millennium BC would also allow for a better
understanding of the emergence of the Philia Phase and the relationships of Cyprus with its neighbouring regions throughout both the Late Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age. Lastly, it would permit the observation of regional changes over time, allowing for a better understanding of social transformations and interactions.
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Abstract
In the Late Chalcolithic Cyprus (ca. 2900/2700-2400 BC) several red and/or black burnished pottery wares emerge across the island at the time (Peltenburg 2007). Another characteristic of this period is, arguably, island insularity, which breaks down with the subsequent Philia Phase and the arrival of migrant populations from Anatolia. Nevertheless, recent finds, like a jar with an axe made of non-Cypriot copper discovered in Chlorakas-Palloures, challenge the view of the island not being in touch with other regions at the time (Düring et al. 2018). Additionally, scholars have suggested that these wares belong to the same red monochrome tradition and are related to the Red Black Burnished Ware (RBBW) of the Kura-Araxes cultural horizon, and its Levantine variant, the Khirbet Kerak Ware (KKW) (Bolger 2013; Bolger et al. 2014).
This research investigates whether the red and/or black burnished wares of the Late Chalcolithic belong to the same pottery tradition, in an attempt to shed light to intra- insular interactions at the time. Moreover, the possibility of extra-insular contacts is being examined, with the inclusion of a Red Black Burnished Ware (RBBW) assemblage from Tepecik, Anatolia to the dataset. Therefore, the main research question is: What can a comparative study of red and/or black burnished wares from various sites across and outside Cyprus tell us about regionalism, connectivity and transfer of technology in the Late Chalcolithic?
This research question is investigated by examining the relevant existing publications as well as available datasets of pottery assemblages from five sites across the island, specifically: the Red and Black Stroke Burnished Wares (RB/B) from Lemba-Lakkous, Kissonerga-Mosphilia and Chlorakas-Palloures along the west coast; the Red Lustrous Ware (RL) and Red and Black Lustrous Ware (RBL) from Ambelikou-Agios Georghios in the northern part of the island ; and the Fabric A and Fabric E from Politiko-Kokkinorotsos in the central lowlands.
A comparative study of the aforementioned assemblages is conducted, comparing them in terms of materials, materials, technology (vessel forming and firing, surface treatment and decoration) and vessel shapes. Following the same methodology, an assemblage of Red Black Burnished Ware (RBBW) from Tepecik, Anatolia is incorporated in the dataset and compared with the Cypriot assemblages on the same aspects (materials, technology (vessel forming, surface treatment and decoration) and vessel shapes.
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