Growth of Man
"Early man lived in caves
"He took protection by hiding himself from the nature
"No man was dependent on another man. Every man individually hunted his food and consumed it. Sharing and caring among adult human beings was considered instinctive behaviour
"Death of man was considered as natural as it is
"Death of man did not lead any other man into destitution
"Therefore situation of taking care of one by another did not arise. "Gradually man started living in groups
"Group formation was necessary to fight with wild animals and to protect themselves from nature
"This group formation lead to the institution of family and dependency
"Side by side recognition of individual earnings and private property came into being "This lead to emergence of a slave class and master class and ultimately in its finer shape into kingdoms and states- and haves and have not s
"Here we will not identify them as democratic states or authoritative states with modern definitions.
Growth of Security needs
"Along with the states, man’s quest to explore the nature has grown
"Man’s quest to grow and establish himself as an economic stronghold grew "Man started crossing the borders in pursuit of his commercial existence needs "In these pursuits he had to face the nature and its destructive strengths like Storms, Eruption of Volcanoes, high tides in the sea and ship wrecks etc.
"All this lead to several things – man’s dependency on another man- growth of poorer class – states responsibility to take care of its subjects grew.
Growth of welfare
"Family taking care of the individual in the family- the first form of support and transfers "Guilds on contribution basis to its members
"Charity by the population
"Food and other care to the poor by church even before poor laws were enacted in great Britain
"We see some forms of social security or a kind of social transfers to the needy in the above institutions.
Growth of welfare state
"At one point in time states were primarily concerned about law and order, military affairs, and the protection of rank and privilege.
"With growth of industrialization, growth of urbanization and resultant movement of people and disintegration of extended families, a necessity has arisen for taking care of aged, invalids, destitute and incurably sick
"Now the state is primarily concerned with the distribution of well being- how this can be explained?. Different approaches have been taken, but problems have remained.
welfare/Social policy
"
“ social policy is the use of political power to supersede, supplant, supplement, or modify operation of system in order to achieve results which the economic system would not achieve on its own”-T.H. Marshalwelfare/ social policy goals "Redistribution of wealth
"Income and standard of living maintenance
"Helping disadvantaged social groups. Regions etc "Public safety net
"Economic governance "Poor relief
Growth of Social Security
"Great Britain took the lead in passing the poor laws in 1850s followed by some North East European countries under which the churches established poor homes to house the destitute.
" In Great Britain, the poor laws provided minimum food and shelter for those who had nothing.
"benefits provided by the parishes were non contributory
"On fast days food which was not required by the monks was distributed free among poor.
" The destitute were divided into two groups: (a) The able bodied poor were to be set to work;
(b) Only those unable to work were to be given any form of cash relief.
" the principle method used by the monasteries to provide relief for the poor was to build an institution in or adjacent to the monastery grounds knows as "hospice" refuge or group home which catered for the homeless, the sick and the aged.
"finances were obtained from a compulsory earmarked tax levied on property owners; those who were poor because of sickness, invalidity or old age received society's grudging protection
"those who were poor because of personal attributes, the able bodied unemployed (idlers, beggars and vagabonds) the thrift less and the spend thrift received society's contempt and indignities of indoor relief
"the poor law tradition itself a legacy of some three hundred years, has had an indelible impact on the form of social security
" Poor law involved loss of civic rights and compulsory separation of husband and wife in the poor house.
Growth of welfare state-different thoughts
"Welfare state is a function of the logic of industrialism
"Traditional modes of providing welfare were no longer effective
"Welfare states have to be created to save modern capitalism from an uprising of the impoverished masses who were the main victims of the industrialization
"By expanding institutions of Democracy such as the extension of suffrage to to the poorer classes, the pressure of the ballot forced the politicians to respond by devising mechanism to improve the lives of ordinary citizens.
"
Empirical evidences do not prove clearly the above thoughts. Welfare states often originated in the conservative authoritarian states such as imperial Germany under Bismarck. It tended to lag behind in liberal states like US and Switzerland. Story of leftist states is entirely different.welfare state-different Models
"
Corporatist welfare regime"
Liberal welfare regime"
The Social Democratic welfare regime.Corporatist welfare regime
"Ordered system of self governing interest associations that fulfill quasi public roles is called corporatism.
"In the continental Europe where church and authoritarian conservative state was strong these welfare model emerged.
"In order to accomplish the goals of maintaining order and the status of the
conservative states social insurance funds were set up that reward work performance and status.( on the lines of Medieval guild system and 19th century mutual aid societies)
"Social insurance funds provided varying levels of benefits depending on labour associations.
Liberal welfare regime
"Liberal welfare regime is characterized by means tested programmes "Politically powerful middle / commercial class
"Liberal / anti state political tradition "Dominant position of the market
"Immigrant society or society with high potential to advance socially "Weak state
"Protestant tradition.
Social Democratic welfare regime
"Social democracy has been the dominant political force in developing the Universalistic welfare state that pervades all aspects of people’s lives.
"Concept of social right has been recognized and the enjoyment of benefit does not depend on the performance of the individual in the market.
"Extreme service orientation is seen like day care, elder care, home help etc.
"Universal access regardless of contribution, yet independently targeted depending on need.
Growth of Social Security- after welfare states
"The economic support that is provided for social well-being of an individual in the event of loss of income or being incapacitated for earning for any reason is traded as social protection in the European Union where as Social Security is treated as and restricted to the federal social insurance system in the United States.
"This is distinct from “welfare” which in Europe is called social assistance. "In the countries like Denmark and the United kingdom the reduction of poverty historically been a central aim of social security.
"Poor laws did not make any impact on persons with no means of income "There was a pressing demand on the governments
"Compulsory social insurance was first created in between 1883 and 1889.
Sickness insurance to which employees could be compelled to contribute began in 1883. Employment injury insurance operated by Employers' Trade
Associations came in 1884. Invalid and old age insurance administered by provinces followed in 1889.
"The example of Germany was followed in Europe and elsewhere and after the end of the Second World War, Social Insurance was introduced in many countries in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean area.
Growth of Social Security-ILO
"The Trade Union Conference in Berne during 1917 had interalia demanded that every country should have a compulsory insurance scheme for all workers.
"The World War I (1914-18) had tremendous impact on the attitude of Government and Society towards labour.
" The same has given an opportunity to ILO to formulate its programmes right from 1919. ILO has contributed for international standards of Social Insurance
" ILO in its very first year of inception i.e. 1919 adopted the Maternity protection convention 1919 envisaging payment of maternity benefit. Later between 1921-1941 it adopted as many as 17 conventions.
Growth of Social Security- Role of ILO
"The Land mark convention is convention 102 of ILO of 28 June !952 which sets
minimum standards of social security. ILO went ahead of setting standards for different branches of social security, like
"Maternity Protection convention 1952 "Equality of Treatment Convention 1962 "Employment injury Convention 1964
"Invalidity, Old Age, and survivor benefit convention 1967 "Medical care and sickness Convention 1969
"Maintenance of Social Security rights Convention 1983 Social Security- Evolutionary stages- A re look
"The oldest institution of social security is the extended family
"The industrial revolution in the Europe 200 years ago disturbed rural extended families and created an urban poor class
"When individual was unable to take care of his own needs society realized the importance of protecting the individual and his family
"In Great Britain the poor laws were enacted to provide minimal food and shelter in a workhouse. The conditions were so harsh that they are not acceptable today
"· Compensation by employers
"· Medieval guilds, mutual aid or mutual benefit societies. "· Private insurance ,Life insurance
"· Private savings are the stages of evolution of social security Social Security- Strategies
"
· Social insurance"
· Social assistance"
· Employers liability"
· National provident funds"
Universal schemesSocial Security- In India
"
Promotional Social Security Schemes"
Protective Social Security SchemesPromotional Social Security
"
Food and Nutritional Security"
Employment security"
Health Security"
Education Security"
Women SecurityProtective Social Security
"
Provident funds and pensions for the working class"
Health insurance for the workers"
Work injury benefits"
Maternity benefits for working women"
Gratuity for working class.Legal frame work required for Social Security
"
Legal liability approach ( Intervention of courts)"
Contractual liability approach ( Pre decided obligations)CHAPTER -II