The Existence of Heaven and Hell

The anonymous guest mentioned two times about the fact that there is no existence of the idea of heaven and hell in Chinese classical texts, “in our classical books of saints and sages, why not mentioned the idea of heaven and hell?”535 The idea of heaven and hell is the important and indispensable part of the view of life and death, to this, in the Chinese ancient texts, especially in the Confucian texts, it is quite vague. In the text of Lunyu, we can find some sentences referring to the view of life and death, such as, while you do not know life, how can you know about death?536 While you are not able to serve men, how can you serve their spirits?537 While revering ghosts and gods, but to keep aloof from them.538 Clearly, the view of life and death focuses on the world moral life, and the idea of heaven and hell is played down. However, this subtle and implicit expression does not confirm that the ancient saints and sages are against the existence of heaven and hell, the words imply that one should believe in the afterlife.

Wang Zheng compares the idea of heaven and hell to Christian creeds and uses this standard to find the deficiency of Confucianism. From his quotations, we can affirm that his statements are taken from Ricci’s TZSY.539

Firstly, Wang refuted the anonymous guest’s view, when the guest raised the question, why did Christianity steal the idea of heaven and hell from Buddhism? He states that Buddhism stole the main idea of western teachings, and ambitiously attached the fallacious words of Pythagoras540 to it, and added the samsara/six ways cycle-rebirth to it, then he sold the idea of heaven and hell to the common people to gain more followers.541 Wang uses the metaphor to make an analogy, Qi Qiuzi 齊丘 535 _{WTARJL,f.12a,7-8;f.29b,4-5.} 536 _{Lunyu xianjing 論語·先進,未知生,焉知死.} 537 _{Lunyu xianjing,未能事人，焉能事鬼。} 538 _{Lunyu yongye 論語·雍也,敬鬼神而遠之.} 539 _{TZSY, pp.530,6-532,2.} 540 _{Pythagoras of Samos (c.}

 570 -c. 495 BC), was an Ionian Greek philosopher and the eponymous founder of the

Pythagoreanism movement.

541 _{Wang, WTARJL,29b,2-8. In fact, here Wang only indirectly quoted the viewpoints of Ricci’s TZSY, see TXCH,}

p.492,3-9. The Western scholar says, In ancient times, in our Western region, there was a scholar called Pythagoras who was a man of uncommon, heroic abilities, but who was not always as artless as he might have been. He loathed the unrestrained evil-doings of the inferior men of his own day, and taking advantage, therefore, of his personal fame, he created a strange argument to restrain them, insisting that those who did evil were bound to experience retribution when reborn in a subsequent existence: they might be born into a family engulfed in

子was Song Qiqiu (887-959) who plagiarized Tan Qiao’s Huashu 化書,542 which is one important Taoist work written by Tan Qiao 谭峭 (? during Wudai period), thus by quoting this satirical story, Wang expresses that the idea of heaven and hell comes from Christianity. Buddhism was compared to Qi Qiuzi, and the idea of heaven and hell was as Huashu, Here, Wang attempts to remove the incorrect ideas out of non-believers minds.

He also found the common theorem, rewarding the good and punishing the evil (賞 善罰惡Shangshan fa-e), which exists in both Christianity and Confucianism. In the last chapter, I demonstrated Wang’s points on the attributes of the Lord of Heaven, he states apparently the view that the Lord of Heaven is the supreme Ruler and Judge of the universe, in order that Wang believes the Lord of Heaven is the supreme and ultimate Judge of the universe. In other words, at the end of this world, only the Lord of Heaven will decide to reward the good and punish the evil. He subtly laid the constant law-rewarding the good and punishing the evil in front of the existence of heaven and hell to respond to the question of anonymous guest.

hardship and poverty or be transformed into an animal; tyrannical men would be changed into tigers and leopards; arrogant men into lions; the licentious into pigs and dogs; the avaricious into oxen and mules, and thieves and robbers into foxes, wolves, eagles, and other birds and beasts. The transformation was bound to correspond to the evil done.

Fig.4.1 The image of Hell.543

Fig.4.2 The image of Judgment Day.544 _{Wang mentioned the}

Judgment Day in the text of RHY,545 _{in which he used an}

evil day as the term of Judgment Day and he also explained that the evil day was the Judgment Day.

He uses the sentence from the Book of Documents/Shangshu 尚書 as mentioned in the last chapter. Shangdi/the Lord of Heaven holds the supreme judge power and could send down blessings and miseries on people, so that the Lord of Heaven is the true supreme Judge, who has the Great power to reward and punish (Dashang dafa 大 賞大罰).

He states, as for the rewarding and punishing of the world, the governors manipulate the small cases, the Kings treat the greater ones. Therefore, the Lord of Heaven will treat the people by rewarding and punishing, all the people in the world who has the judge power to treat the saved and comdemned.546 He quoted the point

543 _{The image is from Giulio Aleni’s book, Tianzhu jiangsheng chuxiang jingjie,1637. See BnF, Chinois 6750,}

f.39a.

544 _{Ibid., f.34b.}

545 _{RHY, f.17b,5, ff.17b,9-18a,1.} 546 _{WTARJL,f.32a,1-4.}

from Lunyu, it is only for the virtuous man, who can love, or who can hate, others.547 At this point, he did one kind of integration, he explains that only the Lord of Heaven could be the Virtuous Man (Renzhe 仁者), otherwise, as a sage, Confucius said, “the sage and the man of perfect virtue, how dare I rank myself with them.”548 Furthermore, even that Yao 堯 in Heaven, whose virtues are only reputed as the Lord of Heaven. He indicates, the human being in the world, who can love, or who can hate, usually, they cannot meet their affections, such as, the senior officials (Dafu 大夫) can recommend someone to the princes (Zhuhou 諸侯). However, they cannot make him as Dafu; the princes can recommend someone to the King (Tianzi 天子, the Son of Heaven), but they cannot make him as prince, in order that we can know the other thing. Besides, when they will exist but cannot for the feelings of extreme love; when they will die but cannot for the feelings of extreme evil. Wang uses the method of the analogy and concludes that people who can love and hate others are few, even though the sage Confucius has no power of rewarding and punishing, he asks, how about the other?549 Wang goes on expressing his ideas, factually, in the integrated style, he says who cannot manage his family because of unclearness of love and hate; who cannot govern one brigade because of unfairness of reward and punishment; if someone gives up the classical texts which highlight the virtues and abhor the evils, he cannot manage the family, govern the country and make the world peaceful even though he is the sage. Here, we can find that Wang uses the Confucian basical doctrine－to manage the family, to maintain the state rightly and make everything peaceful (Qijia zhiguo ping tianxia 齊家，治國，平天下),550 in order to demonstrate that reward and punishment are essential for human beings. Ultimately, he thinks that, as the supreme virtuous being 至仁者 and the Great Lord of the universe (Liuhe zhi dazhu 六合之大 主), the Lord of Heaven has the ultimate power to reward and punish.

Wang states that the terse words 微言(Wei yan) in the ancient classical texts have the hidden meanings 隱意(Yin yi), and certainly the teachings of the saints and sages

547 _{Lunyu liren 論語·裏仁, 唯仁者能好人, 能惡人.} 548 _{Lunyu shuer 論語·述而, 若聖與仁, 則吾豈敢?} 549 _{WTARJL, f.32a,7-32b,8.}

are present in the classical texts, where the Principle 理(Li) of rewarding the good and punishing evil exists and can never change.551 In fact, it is clear that Wang reinterprets the classical texts. In order to testify the law of rewarding the good and punishing evils in the classical texts, he quotes eight sentences from Shangshu (the Book of Documents) which he has copied from Ricci’s TZSY.552 For instance, “I will make decisions whether the man as being more distantly or more nearly related to me; the criminal shall die, and the good men shall display his virtues.”553 “Then to deal speedily with such according to the penal laws of king Wen, punishing them severely and not pardoning.”554 Wang summarises that no one cannot confirm the principle of rewarding the good and punishing evils during the Er di san dai 二帝三代.555

Wang has already confirmed that the Lord of Heaven has the supreme or ultimate Judge power to reward the good and punish evils, but there are a few people who doubt the existence of the Lord of Heaven, because of the unfair social phenomena, e.g., some criminals could not be punished; the rulers treat the cases partially.

In order to answer this question, he quoted a few sentences of Ricci’s another book JRSP to clear up the perplexities of doubters.

The secular rulers who do the judge work of the rewarding the good and punishing evils, even though they do it unbiasedly, could they reach the level of complete fairness? When they appraise the merits according to the proofs of feelings (hearings and sights), if there is no evidence, it will be not clearly treated. The ordinary feelings of Human being, such as jealousy and abhorrence, because of them so that the kindhearted feelings and behavior will be suppressed. When the evils would be promoted, the truth must be covered. Usually, mankind is prone to prefer considering their close persons, those who are in the senior position, sometimes they could not thoroughly find out one’s merits and crimes, how can they reach the spirit of the laws? Is it only for the human being, what is already concealed. The quintessence of virtue is internalised, but not externalised, when you find a little virtue displaying outside, which is just the natural reveal, but not someone’s whitewash. As the kind-hearted man is more sincerer, he will conceal his virtues much more, furthermore his own virtues would be concealed, even to say he has no virtue. How to praise one’s virtues, when he and the others do not know. The wickedness usually comes from the mind and is not exposed outside, what we have seen the expressions are the ends of the wickedness, thus, does the pretended man hide his talent easily? The evil person hides wickedness

551 _{WTARJL, f.33a,6-9.}

552 _{In N. Standaert’s article(1994, p.178.), he says, Wang quotes nine sentences from the Book of Documents}

which he has taken from Tianzhu shiyi. In fact, only 8 sentences are from TZSY, another one is quoted from Shangshu directly.

553 _{Shangshu shangshu pangeng shang 尚書·商書·盘庚上, 無有遠邇，用罪罰厥死，用德彰厥善。} 554 _{Shangshu zhoushu kanggao, 尚書·周書·康诰, 乃其速由文王作罰，刑茲無赦。}

555 _{Er di 二帝, Yao 尧, shun 舜. San dai 三代(三王), Xia 夏, Yin 殷, Zhou 周. Cf. Bangu 班固, Hanshu yangxiong}

more and more, is the wickedness 慝(te) only called concealment 匿(ni)? Even he does not think that is wickedness. How to degrade one’s evils, when he and the others do not accord with each other. The person who accumulates what he has not; the person of the same kind would again suppress him; the monarch and his subjects could not know him in time, only does the Lord of Heaven judge the goodness and evil righteously and majestically, could it violate the Principles of ultimate Judge?556

Wang analysed the deficiency of human beings. The treating of a world judge would never be truly fair, to the contrary, the Ultimate Judge of the Lord of Heaven will be righteous. In fact, Wang indicates that the finiteness of Human being, because of Omniscience, Omnipotence and Omnibenevolence of the Lord of Heaven, in the afterlife, the Lord of Heaven would judge the goodness and evil righteously and majestically, and He would never violate the Principle of supreme Justice. Finally, Wang removed the doubts of the injustice of the world, and in the afterlife the Lord of Heaven should reward the good and punish evil justly.

Now that Wang has demonstrated that the Lord of Heaven is the true ultimate Judge of rewarding the good and punishing evil, where is the place for rewarding and where is the place for punishing?557 Wang says the people who get rewards will go to heaven, the persons who get punishments will go to hell?558 Thus, what is the heaven and hell? The rewarded people will stay in the bright heaven, in contrast, the punished ones will be judged into hell.559

Wang drew the concept of heaven and hell into his theoretical system, which is expanded by the integrated method gradually. He says that the name of world, where people live in, is Mengduo 蒙鐸, which comes from the transliterated Latin word Mundo. Obviously, here Wang used a Christian Latin term to restructure the traditional concept system of Tian. Mengduo is the place where good and evil could not be differentiated, the holy and the secular inhabit together, the polluted and the 556 _{WTARJL, ff.42b,8-43b,7. 柄世權者之賞罰，縱不偏私而公平乎，其所褒貶功績與否，亦維耳目是憑信耳，} 無審據者弗克洞燭也。民之庸情，有所妬憎，則冺其善，揚其惡，壅蔽莫達。有所親愛者，反是則在上者， 時或不能周悉其人之功罪，何能盡得法意？豈惟人乎已，亦掩已矣！雋惪之精，多含於內，不露於外，發 外者德之餘耳，非其人易粉飾焉。善者彌誠彌隱，己德不但曰隱也，且不有其德也。人與己不知之，則疇 從而褒之？惡慝之恨，素釀於心，不泄於外，見外者慝之末耳，詐善者不難文藏焉。惡者滋熟滋匿已，慝 豈但曰匿也，且不覺為慝矣。人與己弗達，又誰從而貶之？夫己自蘊蓄己不有之，同類之人又覆蓋之，秉 法君臣不及盡知之，非天上主明威神鑒，豈得按審無爽也哉？ 557 _{WTARJL, ff.32b,9-33a,2.} 558 _{WTARJL, f.31b,6-7.} 559 _{WTARJL, ff.32b,9-33a,2.}

pure contain each other, and happiness and worry are tangled up mutually.560 This is an objective description of our world, Wang uses three couples of antonyms to illuminate the key problems of the secular world. Meanwhile, Wang states, people usually think the world is a defective place, where there is no absolute happiness, where the rich and powerful never satisfy with their status, even though they possess the superior privileges and unlimited wealth, they cannot be contented. Wang points out the key reason is that the world which human being inhabit is a temporary accommodation.561 Hence, human beings want to pursuit the infinite happiness and the immortal life, which are in heaven.

It is heaven, which is up to the Mundo where, Wang describes the structure of the Heaven, which is so quite spacious that it has 9 layers 九重 Jiuchong,562 the toppest layer is Mingguang tian 明光天 (bright light of Heaven), where the Lord of Heaven lives, all of the angels, the people who revere Heaven and love others, and who cultivate virtue strictly inhabit there together. The Heaven of Jiuchong/ 9 layers is one kind of traditional concept of a heavenly structure. Besides in classical texts, it also appears in some poetry.563 In the minds of ancient Chinese people. Heaven has 9 layers. Wang has added the Christian elements into the Chinese concepts of Heaven. Mingguang tian is extremely similar to the term Guangming tian 光明天, or which is directly cited from the Buddhist texts.564 In the Taoist texts, Guangming tian is one kind of heaven in the concept system of 36 heavens.565 We can confirm, however, Guangming tian is not the highest heaven in the universal concept system of Taoism and Buddhism. However, Wang has already stated that Mingguang tian lies in the highest layer of Heaven. Thus, the place of heaven which named Mingguang tian is defined by his integrated method. Besides, he says that the meaning of heaven is definitely included in the ancient texts. For instance, “King Wen is on high, he is

560 _{WTARJL, f.31a,4-5.} 561 _{WTARJL, f.36a,9-36b,8.}

562 _{See Huainan zi tianwen xun 淮南子·天文訓： 天有九重，一為月天，二辰星，三太白，四日，五熒惑}

，六歲星，七鎮星，八恒星，九左旋天。Lvshi chunqiu 呂氏春秋, 天有九野，何謂九野，中央曰鈞天，東 方曰蒼天，東北曰變天。北方曰玄天，西北曰幽天，西方曰顥天，西南曰朱天，南方曰炎天，東南曰陽天。

563 _{Cf. Tang Hanyu 唐 韩愈，左迁至蓝关示侄孙湘，“一封朝奏九重天，夕贬潮阳路八千。”}