2. 5.1 Existing or expected effects and benefits of RUE
As it has been mentioned before, existing effects of RUE are very limited and it would be difficult to evaluate its impacts on the national level. Through different personal meetings with concerned persons on the demand side of the energy chain in Egypt, different expert judgments are estimating that accumulated existing scattered RUE measures have a saving effect of between 0.5% to 1% of annual primary energy consumption which would be amounted to about 300,000 to 600,000 (toe) for the year 2005/06 with CO2 equivalent avoidance between 0.8 to 1.6 million tons of CO2
equivalent for the same year.
Other effects on job creation, international trade, technology transfer, R&D, business competitiveness, and reduction of poverty are very modest and difficult to evaluate or even to estimate within the scope of this limited study.
Expected effects and benefits are, of course, tremendous as technical, economical, and market potentials for RUE equipment and services are very high in Egypt as it was mentioned before. However, the evaluation of these effects is directly related to the national plan that should be set with quantitative measurable targets together with the implementation of the enabling mechanisms that would put such plan into realization. This will be elaborated in more details in part 4.
2. 5.2 Existing or expected effects and benefits of RE
The existing 230 Mw wind power plants are saving about 0.18 (mtoe) annually and avoiding CO2
emissions by about 0.49 million tons annually. The short term plan aims at having an accumulated installed capacity of 850 MW of wind power plants by 2010 which would save almost 0.75 mtoe annually and avoiding CO2 emission by about 2 million tons.
The long term wind power plan targets a cumulative installed capacity of 3000 MW by the year 2021/22 which would save near 3 mtoe annually and avoiding CO2 emission estimated at about 8
million tons. One has to notice that about 25% of the wind plant is locally manufactured, while plans target reaching at least 50% by 2017.
The saved fuel is mainly NG presently fueling 90% of existing thermal power plants at 1 US$/million BTU paid by the electricity sector. This saved amount is expected to be exported at international prices of 4 to 5.5 US$/million BTU.
The 150 MW integrated solar combined cycle power plant which is planned to be operational by 2010 is expected to have a solar fraction of only 6.6% which will represent a fuel saving of .01 mtoe annually, and avoiding emissions of 0.027 mtCO2 annually. It is planned to install two other
similar plant of 300 MW each with a higher solar fraction.
The existing solar water heaters estimated at 200,000 systems are estimated to save about 0.085 mtoe annually corresponding to CO2 emission avoidance of 0.29 million tons.
PV applications of about 5.2 MW peak are saving about 0.005 mtoe annually avoiding 0.014 million tCO2 emissions each year.
The wind activities in Egypt contributed positively to technology transfer, R&D, job creation, business competitiveness, and creation of new technological field with related capacity building of experts. It should be also noted that solar water heaters activities stimulated the inception of 9 new manufacturing companies. O&M of the exiting 230 MW wind are almost fully handled by Egyptian staff.
Table (2.1) shows cumulative investment (ENE_C08) in the existing 230 Mw wind plants until 2006.
Part III - Examples of Good Practice (case studies)
3.1 Case study on: Energy Efficiency Labeling (EEL) for household appliances
Overview on EEL for household appliances
Conceptually, energy-efficiency labels and standards can be applied to any product that consumes energy, directly or indirectly, as it provides its services. The national benefits of labels and standards applied to the most prevalent and energy-intensive appliances, such as household refrigerators, air conditioners, water heaters and electronic equipment, are, initially, generally substantially higher than the cost of implementing the labels and standards programs and producing the efficient products. The stringency of initial standards is typically ratcheted up over time to accelerate the adoption of new technology in the marketplace, and the threshold criteria for endorsement labels are similarly raised over time. Likewise, the bandwidth or definition of categories for comparison labels is updated over the years. The need for periodic ratcheting and the cost effectiveness of any increases in standards levels will be uniquely determined for any product by the rate at which new technology is developed and the rate at which manufacturers voluntarily invest to incorporate this new technology into their product lines. The benefits from labels or standards for less common or less energy-intensive products, such as toasters, are often too small to justify the costs.
Development of EEL within the activities of the energy efficiency improvement in Egypt
EEL was one of the objectives of the Energy Efficiency Improvement and Gas Reduction (EEIGGR) project in cooperation with the Organization for Energy Planning (OEP).
To start the project effectively, OEP organized and hosted a series of hearing sessions with the manufacturers and some other concerned stakeholders including the Egyptian Organizations for Standards (EOS). The main objectives of these sessions were to demonstrate the concept of energy efficiency standards, to provide information on technical and logistical requirements for energy efficiency standards, and to activate the interaction between the participating stakeholders. The sessions also included a fully interactive discussion, where the participants exchanged views and priorities regarding the product coverage, efficiency levels, testing methods, and labeling of the target appliances.
1. Selection of targeted equipment
As it can be seen from tables (1.7 and 1.8), the residential sector in Egypt has the highest share in electric energy consumption (37%). It also has the highest average annual growth rate during the last 25 years (9.4%). Based on residential energy consumption pattern surveys, electricity consumption of household appliances represents about 70-80% of the residential electricity consumption, i.e. these appliances consume about 25-30 % of the total electricity consumption in Egypt.
To identify the targeted appliances, a group of selection criteria was set to determine the targeted appliances. Some of these criteria are; degree of saturation, energy consumption, replacement & growth rates and potential saving for each appliance. Based on these criteria the most promising appliances were room air conditioners, refrigerators, and automatic cloth washing machines.