Experiment 2 Interference and Dissociation paradigms

25

( ) ∑

2.3.4 If α =2, the index allows for concern about the poorest of the poor through attaching greater weight to the poverty of the poorest than those jus below the poverty line. This is done by squaring the income gap to capture the severity of poverty.

P( ) ∑ (

)

2.3.5

The severity of poverty index, does not only measure poverty and the depth of poverty, but also includes the distributional effects of the group of people living below the poverty line.

Another advantage of FGT index is that overall poverty can be expressed as the sum of groups poverty weighted by the population share of each of each group thus,

P (α) = ∑

Where j = 1, 2…m groups, is the population share of each group, and

is the poverty measures for each group. The contribution of each group, to the overall poverty can then be calculated.

The above index will be used in the research work to determine the distribution of poverty in Nigeria.

26

line. Whatever methods used to define this threshold, the poverty line is a relatively arbitrary divider of poor and non-poor.

NBS, (2010), Apart from the relative poverty index, other poverty measurement standards are absolute measure, which puts the country‟s poverty rate at 99.284 million or 60.9 per cent; the dollar per day measure, which puts the poverty rate at 61.2 per cent; and the subjective poverty measure, which puts the poverty level at 93.9 per cent.

NBS (2006) poverty profile for Nigeria: Based on the 2003-04 Nigeria Living Standards Survey (NLSS) estimated the poverty line using the relative measure approaches to poverty line. Average per capita household expenditure was N 35,600 naira. The poverty line was based on 2/3 of the average per capita expenditure or N23,733. All persons with per capita expenditure less than this amount are considered poor. Those equal to or above are non-poor. The results of the surveys show that poverty incidence increases with the size of the household. Households with less than five members are likely not to be in poverty. A direct correlation exists between the size of the household and poverty for all years. A Food poor (or extreme poverty) was defined as 1/3 of the average per capita expenditure of N 11,867 Naira.

All persons with per capita expenditure less than this amount are considered extremely poor. All persons whose expenditure falls between N11,867 and N 23,733 Naira are considered moderately poor. This gave a poverty incidence of 54.4%.

Anakor (2005) using the 1996 National consumer survey data from FOS, derived some poverty lines for Nigeria by urban and rural sectors respectively. The overall poverty lines was estimated at ₦520.00 per head per month or ₦6420.00 per year, for core poor urban, and ₦475.83 per head per month or ₦5709.96 per year, for the core poor rural, and ₦1040.31 per head per month or ₦12,489.96 per year, for moderately poor urban and, ₦951.67 per head per month or ₦11,420.04 per year, for moderately poor rural sectors.

According to Poverty and Agricultural Sector in Nigeria Report (FOS, 1996), it revealed that in 1985, 51.4 percent of the population in the rural areas was poor, it declined to 46.0 percent in 1992 and thereafter increased to 69.8 percent in 1996. On

27

the other hand, the proportion of the poor in the urban areas was 37.8 percent in 1985, 37.5 percent in 1992 and grew to 58.2 percent in 1996.

Ogwumike and Ekpeyong (1995) using the above approach, computed food poverty line based on 1992 prices to be ₦210.00 per head per month or ₦2,500 per head per year. The overall poverty line (food and non food) was ₦280.00 per head per month or ₦3,360.00 per head per year.

Ogwumike (1987, 1991) using micro data of 1980 household survey conducted in Borno, Imo, and Oyo state and complemented by FOS data, derived some poverty lines for Nigeria. This derivation was based on the weekly requirement of an average of six members in a household. The food poverty line derived was ₦38.00 per head per month or ₦456.00 per head per year. The overall basic needs income poverty line was estimated at ₦47.44 per head per month or approximately ₦569.00 per head per year. And using income per head obtained from the survey, the study estimated that 46million Nigerians were living in poverty as at 1986.

Awa, (1983), Awa further rumbles that up to 95% of this great wealth is controlled by about 0.01 % of the population. In another wider study by the World Bank carried out in 1996 on poverty in Nigeria, they assessed the poverty trend in Nigeria between 1985 and 1992 using two-thirds of mean of household‟s expenditure as poverty line.

The main findings of the study were firstly, poverty was more pronounced in rural than urban area. Secondly, the southern part of the country had less poverty than either the central or northern part of the country, finally, poverty in Nigeria declined between 1985 and 1992 from 36 million out of a 1995 population of 84 million to 34.7 million out of 1992 population of 102 million. The study shows that the mean per capita household expenditure (in 1985 prices) rose from N592.81 in 1985/86 to N792.6 in 1992/93. Consequently, the estimated moderate and extreme poverty lines stood at N395.41 and N197.71 respectively. Moderate poverty was reported to have fallen from 31 percent in 1985/86 to 20.5 percent in 1992/93, while extreme poverty rose marginally from 12 percent in 1985/86 to 13.6 percent in 1992/93. It was shown that incidence and depth of poverty fell nationally between the two periods, poverty severity rose during the period. In addition, the incidence rose in some states such as Kano, Rivers and Sokoto. The severity also rose in states like Borno, Benue, Cross

28

Rivers, Kano, Kwara, rural Lagos, Plateau and Rivers. The incidence of poverty for all poor in 1992 was 36.4 percent for rural Nigeria and 30.4 percent for urban Nigeria, which indicates that poverty is not seen in the rural but also co-existed in urban cities/areas of Nigeria.

In document Cognition in children with attentional difficulties with particular reference to working memory (Page 102-108)