Extended discussion on additional frequency bands

The following discussion expands in more detail on Fig. 4.5 (devoted to the alpha, theta and beta bands). The upper row represents the contrast between after and before SO in the baseline condition. On the left column, corresponding to the theta band, there are 23 significant changes in effective connectivity after SO, as assessed by iCOH, generally conveying a strengthening of the connections. Thus, the MPFC increases flow to the LIPL. The MCC raises flow to the PCC, but decreases it to the RIPL. The PCC increases flow to the MPFC, bilateral inferior parietal lobule and LH. The LIPL reduces flow to the MCC and LH, but increases it to the RIPL. The RIPL raises flow to the MPFC, PCC and LIPL. The bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces flow to the RH. Finally, the LH increases flow to the MCC, PCC and LIPL, while the RH raises flow to the MPFC, MCC, PCC, LIPL and LDPLFC.

The middle row represents the contrast between after and before SO for the recovery condition. On the left column, for the theta band, there are 14 significant connectivity changes. The MCC increases flow to the RIPL. The PCC raises flow to the MCC, bilateral inferior parietal lobule, RDLPFC and RH. The RIPL decreases flow to the MPFC and RDLPFC. The bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex increases flow to the MPFC, while the RDLPFC decreases flow to the MCC and LDLPFC. Finally, the LH increases flow to the MPFC and LDLPFC.

The lower row represents the contrast between recovery and baseline conditions. In the theta band there are 22 significant changes in pairs of ROIs, generally representing decreases in effective connective in the recovery condition as compared to the baseline case (with only two exceptions). Thus, following sleep deprivation, the MPFC shows decreased flow to the MCC, PCC, LIPL and LH. The PCC raises flow to the RILPL, being one of the only two significant increases in the recovery condition compared to baseline. The LIPL lessens flow to the RIPL, RDLPFC and LH, whereas the RIPL reduces flow to the PCC, LIPL and bilateral hippocampus. The LDLPFC decreases flow to the

MCC, PCC, bilateral inferior parietal lobule and hippocampal complex. On the other hand, the RDLPFC reduces flow to the MCC and PCC. Finally, the LH diminishes flow to the PCC, while the RH increases flow to the RIPL (the second exception to flow increase during recovery in the theta band).

The upper row of the middle column shows the contrast between after and before SO in the alpha band for the baseline condition. There are 18 significant effective connectivity changes following the SO transition, which indicate an overall increase. The MPFC increases flow to the PCC, LIPL, LDLPFC and RH. The PCC raises flow to the MPFC, MCC, bilateral inferior parietal lobule, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and RH. The bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex increases flow to the MPFC and MCC, with the LDLPFC additionally increasing flow to the PCC. Finally, the bilateral hippocampus increases flow to the LIPL.

The middle row of the middle column represents the contrast between after and before SO in the alpha band for the recovery condition. There are 24 significant changes in effective connectivity following the SO transition, generally indicating a global increase. The MPFC increases flow to the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and LH. The MCC increases flow to the PCC, RIPL, LDLPFC and LH. The PCC increases flow to the bilateral inferior parietal lobule, RDLPFC and RH. The LIPL raises flow to the PCC and RH, while the RIPL decreases flow to the RDLPFC and RH. The LDLPFC increases flow to the MPFC, MCC and RDLPFC, while the RDLPFC increases flow to the MPFC, but decreases it to the PCC. Finally, the LH increases flow to the MPFC, RIPL, LDLPFC and RH.

The lower row of the middle column represents the contrast between conditions in the alpha band. There are 26 significant changes in iCOH values when statistically comparing both sleep conditions, in general, indicating a decrease in effective connectivity under sleep deprivation.

The MPFC lessens flow to the PCC, but increases it to the LDLPFC.

The MCC increases flow both to the MPFC and LIPL. The PCC raises flow to the RIPL. The LIPL reduces flow to the MCC, RILPL, RDLPFC and bilateral hippocampus. On the other hand, the RIPL

decreases flow to the PCC, LIPL, RDLPFC and bilateral hippocampus.

The LDLPFC decreases flow to the MPFC, PCC, RIPL and bilateral hippocampus, while the RDLPFC diminishes flow to the MCC, PCC and RIPL. Finally, the LH reduces flow to the PCC, yet, the RH increases flow to the bilateral inferior parietal lobule.

The upper row of the right column represents the statistical contrast between after and before SO in the beta band for the baseline condition. There are 14 significant changes following the SO transition. The MCC reduces flow to the LIPL, LDLPFC and LH. The PCC increases flow to the MPFC, RIPL and RH. The LIPL increases flow to the MCC, RDLPFC and RH. The RIPL increases flow to the LIPL. The LDLPFC increases flow to the MPFC and PCC. Finally, the RH decreases flow to the MPFC and RDLPFC.

The middle row of the right column represents the statistical contrast between after and before SO in the beta band for the recovery condition. There are 13 significant connectivity changes following the SO transition. The MPFC increases flow to the LH. The MCC increases flow to the PCC. The PCC increases flow to the RH. The LIPL increases flow to the MCC and RH. The LDLPFC decreases flow to the PCC and LIPL, but increases it to the RDLPFC. The RDLPFC increases flow to the MPFC, but decreases it to the MCC and PCC.

Finally, the LH increases flow to the RH, whereas the RH decreases flow to the MCC.

The lower row of the right column shows the statistical contrast between conditions in the beta band. There are 32 significant changes in effective connectivity between conditions, which convey a general decrease of connectivity strength following sleep deprivation (with only one exception). Thus, after sleep deprivation, MPFC attenuates flow to the MCC, PCC and bilateral inferior parietal lobule. The MCC decreases flow to the RDLPFC. The PCC increases flow to the RIPL (being the only statistical increase), while reduces flow to the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The LIPL diminishes flow to the PCC, RDLPFC and LH. On the other hand, the RIPL decreases flow to the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The LDPFC reduces flow to the MCC, PCC, bilateral inferior parietal lobule and bilateral hippocampus. The RDLPFC decreases flow to the same areas than its

left counterpart, except for the RH. Finally, the LH reduces flow to the MCC, PCC, bilateral inferior parietal lobule and LDLPFC, while the RH lessens flow to the MCC, PCC and RDLPFC.

5. Summary of connectivity methods and their applications in