Chapter 4: The Quantitative Analysis
4.1. Main Findings of the Content Analysis
4.1.2. Representing Relationships
4.1.2.1 Familial Relationships
Table 4.5: Relationships by Gender
Relationship Total Ads % of Sample Female Indet. Male Total
R1 Familial 10 8.6% 11.5% 0 8.2% 62
R2 Fraternal 27 23.1% 23.3% 20% 19.9% 138
R3 Intimate 42 35.9% 7.8% 0 6.1% 44
R4 Professional 21 18% 57.9% 80% 65.8% 401
Total NA 43.6% 0.4% 56% 645
Over 30% of the advertisements featured relationships in the intimate category (35.9%), followed by the fraternal (23.1%), professional (18%) and the familial category (8.6%). In terms of the number of performatives by gender represented in different relationships, males were represented most frequently in professional relationships (65.8%) followed by fraternal (19.9%), familial (8.2%) and intimate (6.1%) relationships. Females were also represented most frequently in professional relationships, but less so than males. Since fraternal, familial and intimate relationship types occur primarily in the domestic sphere and professional relationships tend in the public domain. This tends to endorse the idea of women in the private sphere while men pursue careers in the public sphere.
4.1.2.1 Familial Relationships
Familial relationships were relatively uncommon in the sample, and made up 9.25% of narrative relationships with 37 performatives depicted in such relationships in 10 advertisements (8.55%). Table 4.6 indicates the wide range of size in families depicted.
Table 4.6: Size of Familial Groups Size of Group Count %
2 performatives 5 50%
3 performatives 1 10%
4 performatives 1 10%
6 performatives 1 10%
7 performatives 2 20%
TOTAL 10 100%
While a full half of the familial groups consisted of only two performatives, two instances of the same advertisement had a familial unit of seven and this skewed the average up to 3.7.
Family units were most often represented with a father or mother figure with a child, rather than depicting both parents and child.
Familial relationships were mostly isolated as show in Table 4.7 with 70% of the advertisements with familial representations portrayed them with no other performatives in
Familial + None23 2
Familial + Intimate + None24 1
However, just because most of these representations were isolated does not mean they were mostly in private spaces, as Table 4.8 below shows that over two‐thirds of familial relationships were in public spaces. In addition to this the representations in private spaces were at places like a private wine farm (this text appeared twice) or outside by the pool/garden. There were no representations of traditional scenes of family dinners, tucking children in to bed or day‐to‐day childcare. The focus seems to be on quality time away from the confines of the home environment, again possibly to not exclude non‐nuclear families but also showing masculine performatives as providers of a lifestyle that includes middle class activities inspired by consumer culture. This includes vacations, evident in the frequent depiction of resorts and hotels as locations.
23 Other performatives were present in the text but they had no relationship with the performatives in the familial relationship.
24 In the text there were at least two performatives in a familial relationship, at least two performatives in an intimate relationship and at least two performatives in who had no apparent relationship.
Table 4.8: Familial Relationships by Place
Female Male TOTAL
Private Inside Food Service Industry 0 4 4
Inside Total 0 4 4
Outside Pool/Garden 1 1 2
Outside Total 1 1 2
Studio Studio 4 2 6
Studio Total 4 2 6
Private Total 5 7 12
Public Outside Resort/Hotel 8 6 14
Wilderness 0 5 5
Outside Total 8 11 19
Studio Studio 4 2 6
Studio Total 4 2 6
Public Total 12 13 25
Total 17 20 37
The locations also suggest that adult males have a strong masculine control over the elements (as seen in the male only location of the wilderness25) and complex skills (as seen with a grandfather teaching his grandson how to prepare wine on a wine estate). In these example an older male frequently is in some way teaching a younger male. This is evident in the distribution of function rank26 and activities in these advertisements as displayed in Table 4.9 and 4.10 below.
Table 4.9: Function Rank in Familial Relationships
Gender Age Dominant Subordinate
Female 0‐15 0 1
35‐49 1 0
Female Total 1 1
Male 0‐15 0 2
Table 4.10: Activity by Gender in Familial Relationships
Activity Female Male TOTAL
Pose 7 5 12
Low Activity 0 2 2
Walking 2 0 2
Inactive 8 6 14
Play 0 3 3
Prep. Food 0 4 4
TOTAL 17 20 37
Older males with younger males were represented as preparing food (or in these specific cases wine) and playing in the wilderness27 accounting for a significant percentage of all familial advertisements (30%), thus, validating a presumed special bond between father and son. The dominant/subordinate relationship depicted between two females involved a mother helping her daughter walk by guiding her by the hand, that is in a nurturing capacity rather than transference of skills or knowledge. The remaining performatives were relatively passive in the activities they performed.
Moving to representations along demographic lines it is interesting that only Indian and white performatives are represented in familial groupings as Table 4.11 indicates.
Table 4.11: Demographic Grouping of Performatives in Familial Relationships
Race Age Female Male Total
Indian 0‐15 2 4 6
16‐24 2 0 2
35‐49 2 2 4
50+ 2 0 2
Indian Total 8 6 14
White 0‐15 3 5 8
25‐34 2 4 6
35‐49 4 3 7
50+ 0 2 2
White Total 9 14 23
Total 17 20 37
However, the representations of the Indian family comes from a single advertisement for Volkswagen (appearing twice in the sample), portrayed as a traditional pre‐20th century Indian family on a magic carpet with a pet monkey. Since this representation is more about referencing a particular place and period than contemporary life the representation of
27 An advertisement for off-road motorbikes by Honda features a white father spraying his two sons with a hose after a muddy bike ride. This advertisement presents a familial relationship that positions junior and senior bikes as part of the father/son bonding experience.
familial relationships in the advertisements of Men’s Health and FHM are arguably confined to white families.
Product types were included in the analysis to identify what particular types of products were targeting the readership of Men’s Health and FHM. No particular product types prominently employed familial representations.
Certain observations can be made about the representations of masculinity in familial relationships based on this data. Firstly, familial relationships are not represented in nuclear family settings but rather depict a single parent with child/children. Secondly, a special relationship between fathers and sons is depicted that suggests preparing the sons for manhood. Thirdly, the father is portrayed in the conventional role of provider but is absent from day‐to‐day nurturing. The first observation suggests a change in the discursive regime as nuclear families are less the norm than in previous studies (Prinsloo, 2003) while the other two are consistent with prior research (e.g. Goffman, 1976). With this in mind the sample is too small to generalise any of these findings. More importantly, masculinity as represented in the advertisements of Men’s Health and FHM is mostly void of familial relationships (less than 10% of all texts in the sample), it is neither dependent nor depended on by family. In addition to this familial relationships are almost entirely white.