10. Conclusions and implications 84
10.3 Final remarks 88
In many countries, there is still a lack of awareness regarding inadequate care, abuse and neglect in institutions for older persons. Recognition of the phenomena is the first step toward change, but it needs to be followed up by actions. Even in countries where this has been an
ongoing debate for many years, there is still a gap between existing knowledge and legislation made to protect older adults from being exposed to inadequate care, abuse and neglect while they should be safe in nursing homes. Lack of a common definition, appropriate measurement methods, and theoretical framework for understanding the phenomena, is no doubt a
challenge to researchers and practitioners. However, even without a consensus there is enough evidence that inadequate care, abuse and neglect occur in institutional settings, and thus, actions should immediately be taken to stop this unworthy behaviour when caring for nursing home residents.
If my thesis can contribute to increased attention to and knowledge about inadequate care, abuse and neglect in nursing homes, which can lead to a change in practice and improve life condition of even a small number of residents, the efforts have been worthwhile.
References
Allen, P.D., Kellett, K., & Gruman. C. (2003). Elder abuse in Connecticut’s nursing homes.
Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 15(1), 19-42.
Anetzberger, G.J., Palmisano, B.R., Sanders, M., Bass, D., Dayton, C., Eckert, S., & Schimer, M.A. (2000). A model intervention for elder abuse and dementia. The Gerontologist,
40, 492-497.
Alvsvåg, H., & Tanche-Nilssen, A. (1999). Den skjulte reformen: om mestring og omsorg i et
hjemmebasert hjelpeapparat. Oslo: Tano Aschehoug. [The Hidden Reform: Care in a
home-based system].
Baker, A. A. (1975). “Granny-battering”. Modern Geriatrics, 5, 20-24.
Barba, B.E., Tesh, A.S., & Courts, N.F. (2002). Promoting Thriving in Nursing Homes. The Eden Alternative. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 28(3), 7-13.
Bauer, M., & Nay, R. (2003). Family and Staff Partnerships in Long-Term Care. A Review of the Literature. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 29(10), 46-53.
Bauer, M. (2006). Collaboration and control: nurses’ constructions of the role of family in nursing home care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 54(1), 45–52.
Beach, S. R., Schulz, R., Williamson, G. M., Miller, L.S., Weiner, M. F., & Lance, C. E. (2005). Risk factors for potentially harmful informal caregiver behavior. Journal of the
American Geriatrics Society, 53, 255-261.
Benner, P. (1984). From Novice to Expert. Exellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, California.
Bergland, A., & Kirkevold, M. (2006). Thriving in nursing homes in Norway: contributing aspects described by residents. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43(6), 681- 691.
Bergstrand, B.O. (2011). Socialtjänestlagen. Komlitt, Höganäs.
Biggs, S., Phillipson, C., & Kingston, P. (1995). Elder abuse in perspective. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Boldy, D., Horner, B., Crouchley, K., Davey, M., & Boylen, S. (2005). Addressing elder abuse: Western Australian case study. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 24(1), 3-8. Bonnie, R., & Wallace, R. (Eds). (2003). Elder Mistreatment: Abuse, Neglect and
Exploitation in an Aging America. Washington: CNSTAT, Division of Behavioral and
Social Sciences and Education: National Academies Press.
Bostick, J.E., Rantz, M.J., Flesner, M.K., & Riggs, C.J. (2006). Systematic Review of Studies of Staffing and Quality in Nursing Homes. Journal of the American Medical Directors
Association, 7(6), 366-376.
Bowers, B.J., Esmond, S., & Jacobson, N. (2000). The Relationship between Staffing and Quality in Long-Term Care Facilities: Exploring the Views of Nurse Aides. Journal of
Nursing Care Quality, 14(4), 55-64.
Bowling, A. (2005). Mode of questionnaire administration can have serious effects on data quality. Journal of Public Health, 27(3), 281-291.
Bravo, G., Dubois, M. F., Charpentier, M., De Wals, P., & Emond, A. (1999). Quality of care in unlicensed homes for the aged in the Eastern Townships of Quebec. Canadian
Medical Association Journal, 160(10), 1441-1445.
Brevik, I., & Schmidt, L. (2005). Slik vil eldre bo: en undersøkelse av framtidige eldres
boligpreferanser. Oslo: Norsk institutt for by- og regionforskning.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and
Brooker, D. (2003). What is person-centred care in dementia? Reviews in Clinical
Gerontology, 13(3), 215-222.
Burgess, A. W., Dowdell, E. B., & Prentky, R. A. (2000). Sexual abuse of nursing home residents. Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services, 38(6), 11-18. Buri, H., Daly, J.M., Hartz, A.J., & Jogerst, G.J. (2006). Factors Associated with Self-
Reported Elder Mistreatment in Iowa's Frailest Elders. Research on Aging, 28, 562-81. Burston, G. R. (1975). Letter: Granny battering. British Medical Journal, 3(5983), 592. Carp, F. M. (2000). Elder abuse in the family: an interdisciplinary model for research. New
York: Springer.
Casson, J. (1994). Flying Towards Neverland. Dramatherapy, 16(2-3), 2-7.
Castle, N.G. (2008). Nursing home caregiver staffing levels and quality of care a literature review. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 27(4), 375-405.
Castle, N.G., & Fogel, B. (1998). Characteristics of nursing homes that are restraint free. The
Gerontologist, 38(2), 181-188.
Castle, N.G., Engberg, J., Anderson, R., & Men, A. (2007). Job satisfaction of nurse aides in nursing homes: Intent to leave and turnover. The Gerontologist, 47(2), 193-204. Castle, N. G., & Anderson, R. A. (2011). Caregiver staffing in nursing homes and their
influence on quality of care: using dynamic panel estimation methods. Medical care,
49(6), 545-552.
Castle, N. G. (2012). Reviewing the evidence base for nurse staffing and quality of care in nursing homes. Evidence- Based Nursing, 15(1): 23-24.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (1989). Requirements for long term care facilities, 42 Code of Federal Regulations, Subpart B. Washington, DC: Author. Chenoweth, L., King, M. T., Jeon, Y-H., Brodaty, H., Stein-Parbury, J., Norman, R., Haas,
M., & Luscombe, G. (2009). Caring for Aged Dementia Care Resident Study
(CADRES) of person-centred care, dementia-care mapping, and usual care in dementia: a cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet Neurology 8, 317-325.
Clark, P., & Bowling, A. (1990). Quality of everyday life in long stay institutions for the elderly. An observational study of long stay hospital and nursing home care. Social
Science & Medicine, 30(11), 1201-1210.
Clough, R. (Ed.). (1996). The abuse of care in residential institutions. Whiting and Birch. Coburn, A.F., Fralich, J., McGuire, C., & Forinsky, R. (1996). Variations in outcomes of care
in urban and rural nursing facilities in Maine. Journal of applied Gerontology, 15(2), 202-223.
Cohen, M., Halevy-Levin, S., Gagin, R., Priltuzky, D., & Friedman, G. (2010). Elder abuse in long-term care residences and the risk indicators. Ageing & Society, 30, 1027-1040. Cooke, H. (2012). Changing discourses of blame in nursing and healthcare. In (Re)thinking
violence in health care settings. A critical approach (p 47-66), edited by Holmes, D.,
Rudge, T., & Perron, A. Farnham, England & Burlington, USA: Ashgate Publishing Limited/Company.
Cooney, C., Howard, R., & Lawlor, B. (2006). Abuse of vulnerable people with dementia by their carers: can we identify those most at risk? International Journal of Geriatric
Psychiatry, 21(6), 564-571.
Daatland, S.O., Nordhus, I.H., Romøren, T.I., & Sletvold, O. (2000). Status og framtid for
norsk aldersforskning [Status and Future for Norwegian Geriatric Research]. Norges
forskningsråd (Research Council of Norway), Oslo.
Daatland, S.O. (ed.). (1999). Framtidens boformer for eldre: Perspektiver og eksempler fra de
nordiske land [Future forms of housing for the elderly: Perspectives and examples from the Nordic countries]. København: Nordisk Ministerråd.
Daly, J. & Jogerst, G. (2005). Definitions and Indicators of Elder Abuse: A Delphi Survey of APS Caseworkers. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 17, 1-19.
Daly, J. M., Merchant, M. L., & Jogerst, G. J. (2011). Elder abuse research: A systematic review. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 23(4), 348-365.
De Donder, L., Luoma, M.L., Penhale, B., Lang, G., Santos, A.J., Tamutiene, I., Koivusilta, M., Schopf, A., Alves, J.F., Reingarde, J., Perttu, S., Savola, T., & Verte, D. (2011). European map of prevalence rates of elder abuse and its impact for future research.
European Journal of Ageing, 8, 129-143.
Desprès, C. (1991). The meaning of home: Literature review and directions for further research and theoretical development. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research,
8(2), 96-115.
Donohue, W. A., Dibble, J. L., & Schiamberg, L. B. (2008). A social capital approach to the prevention of elder mistreatment. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 20(1), 1-23. Drennan, J., Lafferty, A., Treacy, M.P., Fealy, G., Phelan, A., Lyons, I., & Hall, P. (2012).
Older People in Residential Care Settings: Results of a National Survey of Staff- Resident Interactions and Conflicts. NCPOP, University College Dublin.
Duxbury, J. (2003). Testing a new tool: The management of aggression and violence attitude scale (MAVAS). Nurse Reasearcher, 10, 39-52.
Dyer, C.B., Connolly, M.T., & McFeeley, P. (2003). The Clinical and Medical Forensics of Elder Abuse and Neglect. In Elder mistreatment: abuse, neglect, and exploitation in an
aging America. (Bonnie, R.J., & Wallace, R.B, eds). The National Academies Press,
Washington, 339-381.
Elkins, T., & O’Neill, C. (2009). Strategic Review of the Elder Abuse Prevention Program. Final Report. v.2, pp 1-36.
Enmarker, I., Olsen, R., & Hellzen, O. (2011). Management of person with dementia with aggressive and violent behaviour: a systematic literature review. International journal of older people nursing, 6(2), 153-162.
Eriksen, W. D., & Ulstrup, Å (1974). Rop fra en taus generasjon: samtaler med eldre. Oslo: Tiden Forlag.
Firtko, A., & Jackson, D. (2005). Do the ends justify the means? Nursing and the dilemma of whistleblowing. The Australian journal of advanced nursing: a quarterly publication of
the Royal Australian Nursing Federation, 23(1), 51- 56.
Fisher, B. S., & Regan, S. L. (2006). The extent and frequency of abuse in the lives of older women and their relationship with health outcomes. The Gerontologist, 46(2), 200-209. Foner, N. (1994). Nursing home aides: saints or monsters? The Gerontologist, 34(2), 245-250. Fulmer, T., Guadagno, L., Pavesa, G. J., VandeWeerd, C., Baglioni Jr, A. J., & Abraham, I.
(2004). Profiles of older adults who screen positive for neglect during an emergency department visit. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 14(1), 49-60.
Fulmer, T. T., & O'Malley, T.A. (1987). Inadequate Care of the Elderly: A Health Care
Perspective on Abuse and Neglect. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Gabrielsen, B., Otnes, B., & Sundby, B. (2012). Pleie- og omsorgstjenesten 2011 Statistikk om tjenester og tjenestemottakere. Rapport 43/2012. SSB.
Garbarino, J., Eckenrode, J., & Barry, F. D. (1997). Understanding abusive families: An
ecological approach to theory and practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Garner, J., & Evans, S. (2002). An ethical perspective on institutional abuse of older adults.
Psychiatr Bull, 26(5), 164-166.
Gething, L., LaCour, J., & Wheeler, B. (1994). Attitudes of nursing home administrators and nurses towards people with disabilities. Journal of Rehabilitation (Washington), 60(4), 66-70.
Gibbs, L. M. & Mosqueda, L. (2004). Confronting elder mistreatment in long-term care.
Annals of Long-Term Care, 12(4), 30-35.
Goergen, T. (2001). Stress, conflict, elder abuse and neglect in German nursing homes: a pilot study among professional caregivers. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 13(1), 1-26. Goergen, T. (2004). A multi-method study on elder abuse and neglect in nursing homes.
Journal of Adult Protection, 6(3), 15-25.
Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: essays on the social situation of mental patients and other
inmates. New York: Doubleday.
Goodell, T.T., & Ess Coding, H.V. (1994) Outcomes of nurses' job satisfaction. Journal of
Nursing Administration, 24(11), 36-41.
Goodridge, D. M., Johnston, P., & Thomson, M. (1996). Conflict and aggression as stressors in the work environment of nursing assistants: Implications for institutional elder abuse.
Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 8(1), 49-67.
Gorbien, M. J. & Eisenstein, A. R. (2005). Elder abuse and neglect: an overview. Clinics in
Geriatric Medicine, 21(2), 279-292.
Gottesman, L.E. & Bourestrom, N.C. (1974). Why nursing homes do what they do. The
Gerontologist, 14(6), 501-506.
Grafstrom, M., Nordberg, A., & Winblad, B. (1993). Abuse in in the eye of the beholder. Report by family members about abuse of demented persons in home care. A total population- based study. Scand J Soc Med, 21, 247-255.
Grenier, A., & Leonard, P. (2006). Interpersonal acts within organsational practices: Foucault meets Freud. In Foucault and Aging. (Powell, J. L., & Wahidin, A., eds). Nova Science Pub Inc. page 101-113.
Gullestad, M. (1989). Kultur og hverdagsliv: på sporet av det moderne Norge. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Haesler, E., Bauer, M., & Nay, R. (2006). Factors associated with constructive staff–family relationships in the care of older adults in the institutional setting. International Journal
of EvidenceǦBased Healthcare, 4(4), 288-336.
Hamel-Lauzon, G. & Lauzon, S. (2012). Nurses' failure to report elder abuse in long-term care: An exploratory study. In (Re)thinking violence in health care settings. A critical
approach. (Holmes, D., Rudge, T., & Perron, A., eds.). Farnham, England &
Burlington, USA: Ashgate Publishing Limited/Company. pp 107-124.
Hansberry, M.R., Chen, E., & Gorbien, M.J. (2005). Dementia and elder abuse. Clinics in
Geriatric Medicine, 21(2), 315-332.
Happell, B. (2002). Nursing home employment for nursing students: Valuable experience or a harsh deterrent? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 39(6), 529-536.
Harper Ice, G. (2002). Daily life in a nursing home: Has it changed in 25 years? Journal of
Aging Studies, 16(4), 345-359.
Harrington, C., Choiniere, J., Goldmann, M., Jacobsen, F. F., Lloyd, L., McGregor, M., Stamatopoulus, V., & Szebehely, M. (2012). Nursing Home Staffing Standards and Staffing Levels in Six Countries. Journal of Nursing Scholarship,44(1), 88-98. Hauge, S. (2004). Jo mere vi er sammen, jo gladere vi blir? ein feltmetodisk studie av
sjukeheimen som heim. Universitetet i Oslo, Det medisinske fakultet.
Hauge, S., & Heggen, K. (2008). The nursing home as a home: a field study of residents' daily life in the common living rooms. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(4), 460-467.
Hawes, C., Blevins, D., & Shanley, L. (2001). Preventing abuse and neglect in nursing homes: The role of the nursing aide registries. Report to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University System.
Hawes, C. (2003). Elder abuse in Residential Long-Term Care settings: What is Known and What Information is Needed? In: Elder Mistreatment: Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation
in an Aging America. (Bonnie, R.J & Wallace, R. B. eds). Washingston, D.C: The
National Academies Press, 446-500.
Heath, H., & Phair, L. (2009). The concept of frailty and its significance in the consequences of care or neglect for older people: an analysis. International Journal of Older People
Nursing, 4(2), 120-131.
Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet. (2003). Forskrift om kvalitet i pleie-og omsorgstjenestene.
(Regulations of the quality of the health care services). Oslo: Helse- og
omsorgsdepartementet (Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services).
Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet. (2006). Stortingsmelding nr 25 (2005-2006). Mestring,
muligheter og mening: Framtidas omsorgsutfordringer. (Report No 25 (2005-2006) to the Storting: Long term care- Future Challenges: Care Plan 2015). Oslo: Helse- og
omsorgsdepartementet (Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services). Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet. (2010). Forskrift om en verdig eldreomsorg
(Verdighetsgarantien). (Regulations of a dignified care for the elderly). FOR-2010-11-
12-1426. Oslo: Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet (Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services).
Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet. (2011). Lov om kommunale helse og omsorgstjenester m.m.
(Helse og omsorgstjenesteloven).(Municipal health care act). Oslo: Helse- og
omsorgsdepartementet (Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services). Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet. (2012). Melding til Stortinget nr 10 (2012-2013). God
kvalitet- trygge tjenester. Kvalitet og pasientsikkerhet i helse- og omsorgstjenesten. (Report No 10 (2012-2013) to the Storting: Good quality- safe services. Quality and pasient security in helath and care services Oslo: Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet
(Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services).
Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet. (2013). Melding til Stortinget nr 29 (2012-2013).
Morgendagens omsorg (Report No 29 (2012-2013) to the Storting. Oslo: Helse- og
omsorgsdepartementet (Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services). Helsetilsynet. (2003). Kommunale helsetjenester i pleie- og omsorgssektoren.
Tilsynserfaringer 1998 - 2003. (Summary of Municipal Health Services in the Nursing and Care Sectors. Experience from Supervision 1998-2003). Rapport/report no 9/2003.
Oslo: Statens Helsetilsyn (The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision).
Helsetilsynet. (2011). Krevende oppgaver med svak styring. Samlerapport fra tilsyn med
kommunenens sosial- og helsetjenetser til eldre. (Complex tasks and services require stronger governance. Summary report of countrywide supervision in 2010 of municipal health and social services for elderly people). Rapport/report no 5 /2011. Oslo: Statens
Helsetilsyn (The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision).
Helsetilsynet. (2013). Tilsynsmelding 2012. (Annual supervision report 2012). Oslo: Statens Helsetilsyn (The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision).
Hetle, A. (2005). Munnkurv og varsling: en studie av ytringsfrihetens vilkår blant sykepleiere. Arbeidsforskningsinstituttet, Oslo.
Hofseth, C. & Norvoll, R. (2003). Kommunehelsetjenesten: gamle og nye utfordringer. Oslo: SINTEF.
Holmøy, E., Kjevik, J. & Strøm, B. (2013): Utviklingen i arbeidskraftbehovet i helse- og
omsorgssektoren fremover. SSB-notat. Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå.
Huber, M., Reno, B., & McKennedy, J. (1992). Long-term care personnel assess their attitudes and knowledge of the older adult. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17(9), 1114- 1121.
Hughes, C. M., & Lapane, K. L. (2006). Nurses’ and nursing assistants’ perceptions of patient safety culture in nursing homes. International Journal for Quality in health care, 18(4), 281-286.
Hunter, M. (2008). Restraints on fair care. Community Care, 1709, 28-29.
Huseby, B. M., & Paulsen, B. (2009). Eldreomsorgen i Norge: Helt utilstrekkelig–eller best i
verden. SINTEF A11522. Oslo: SINTEF Helsetjenesteforskning.
Hörl, J. (2007). The social construction of violence in old age. The Journal of Adult
Protection, 9(1), 33.
Ingham, R. & Fielding,P. (1985). A review of the nursing literature on attitudes towards old people. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 22(3), 171-181.
Isola, A., Backman, K., Voutilainen, P., & Rautsiala, T. (2003). Family members’ experiences of the quality of geriatric care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 17(4), 399- 408.
Jacobsen, F.F. (2006). Intimitet, eksklusivitet og rytmer i norske hjem og sykehjem. I Hjem,
eldre og hjemlighet (Hauge, S. & Jacobsen, F.F., red). Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk
Forlag. pp 87-99.
Jogerst, G. J., Daly, J. M., Dawson, J. D., Peek-Asa, C., & Schmuch, G. (2006). Iowa nursing home characteristics associated with reported abuse. Journal of the American Medical
Directors Association, 7(4), 203-207.
Joshi, S. & Flaherty,J. (2005). Elder abuse and Neglect in Long-Term Care. Clinics in
Geriatric Medicine 21, 333-354.
Kada, S., Nygaard, H.A., Mukesh, B.N., & Geitung, J.T. (2009). Staff attitudes towards institutionalised dementia residents. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18 (16), 2383-2392. Kalisch, B. J. (2006). Missed nursing care: a qualitative study. Journal of nursing care
quality, 21(4), 306-313.
Kalisch, B. J., Landstrom, G., & Williams, R. A. (2009). Missed nursing care: errors of omission. Nursing Outlook, 57(1), 3-9.
Kane, R.L., Bershadsky, B., Kane, R.A., Degenholtz, H.H., Liu, J., Giles, K., & Kling, K.C. (2004). Using resident reports of quality of life to distinguish among nursing homes.
The Gerontologist, 44(5): 624-632.
Kingston, P., Penhale, B., & Campling, J. (1997). The dimensions of elder abuse: perspectives
for practitioners. Macmillan.
Kirkevold, Ø., & Engedal, K. (2004). Prevalence of patients subjected to constraint in Norwegian nursing homes. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 18(3), 281-286. Kirkevold, Ø., & Engedal, K. (2006). The quality of care in Norwegian nursing homes.
Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 20(2), 177-183.
Kitwood, T. (1988). The technical, the personal, and the framing of dementia. Social
Behaviour, 3(2), 161-179.
Kitwwood, T. (1997). On being a person. In Dementia Reconsidered: The Person Comes
First. (Kitwood, T.,ed.). Open University Press, Milton Keynes, pp. 7-19.
Kosberg, J. I., & Nahmiash, D. (1996). Characteristics of victims and perpetrators and milieus of abuse and neglect. In Abuse, neglect and exploitation of older persons: Strategies for
assessment and intervention.(Baumhover, L.A., & Beall, S.C.,eds), pp. 31-50. ISBN 1-
878812-29.7, 285.
Kosberg, J. I., Lowenstein, A., Garcia, J. L., & Biggs, S. (2003). Study of elder abuse within diverse cultures. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 15(3-4), 71-89.
Krug, E.G., Dahlberg, L., Mercy, J. (eds). (2002). World report on Violence and Health. World Health Organization, Albany, NY, USA.
KS. (2012). Når omsorgen svikter (When care fails). Rapport nr. 7769. Kommunesektorens organisasjon (The Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities), Oslo.
Kvaase, I. E. (1999). Sykehjemmenes rolle og funksjoner i fremtidens pleie- og
omsorgstjenester: analyse av alders- og sykehjemsfunksjoner. Oslo: Sosial- og
helsedepartementet.
Lachs, M. S., & Pillemer, K. (1995). Abuse and neglect of elderly persons. New England
Journal of Medicine, 332(7), 437-443.
Lachs, M.S., Williams, C., O'Brien, S., Hurst, L., & Horowitz, R. (1997). Risk factors for reported elder abuse and neglect: a nine-year observational cohort study. The
Gerontologist, 37(4), 469-474.
Lachs, M.S., Williams, C.S., O’Brian, S., Pillemer, K.A., & Charlson, M.E.(1998). The Mortality of Elder Mistreatment. J Am Med Assoc (JAMA), 280: 428-432. Lambert, M.J. (2004). Leading a patient-safe organization. Chicago: Healthcare
Administration Press.
Leveck, M.L., & Jones, C.B. (1996). The nursing practice environment, staff retention, and quality of care. Research in Nursing & Health, 19(4), 331-343.
Lindbloom, E.J., Brandt, J., Hough, L.D., & Meadows, S.E. (2007). Elder Mistreatment in the Nursing Home. A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Medical Directors
Association 8/9, 610-616.
Lowenstein, A. (1999). Elder abuse in residential settings in Israel- myth or reality? Journal
of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 10(1/2), 133-151.
Madsen, C. (2002). Spiller det noen rolle?– om hverdagen på nye og gamle sykehjem. Stein Rokkan senter for flerfaglige samfunnsstudier, Universitetsforskning i Bergen.
Malmedal, W. (1998). Noen må følge bedre med- om overgrep i sykehjem. (Someone must be
aware- abuse in nursing homes). Master's thesis, Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Trondheim.
Malmedal, W., Ingebrigsten, O., & Saveman B.I. (2009a). Inadequate care in Norwegian nursing homes, as reported by nursing staff. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences,
23(2), 231-242.
Malmedal, W., Hammervold, R., & Saveman B.I. (2009b). To report or not report. Norwegian nursing home staffs’ attitude on reporting inadequate care committed by colleagues.
Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 37, 744-750.
McCormack, B. (2004). Person-centredness in gerontological nursing: an overview of the literature. International Journal of Older People Nursing in association with Journal of
Clinical Nursing, 32, 1206-1212.
McDonald, L., Beaulieu, M., Harbison, J., Hirst, S., Lowenstein, A., Podnieks, E., & Wahl, J. (2012). Institutional Abuse of Older Adults: What We Know, What we Need to Know.
Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 24(2), 138-160.
McLafferty, I., & Morrison, F. (2004). Attitudes towards hospitalized older adults. Journal of
Advanced Nursing, 47(4), 446-453.
Meddaugh, D. (1993). Covert elder abuse in the nursing home. Journal of Elder Abuse &
Neglect, 5, 21-37.
Mellor, P., Chew, D., & Greenhill, J. (2007). Nurses’ attitudes toward elderly people and knowledge of gerontic care in a multi-purpose health service (MPHS). Australian
Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24 (4), 37-41.
Morgan, D. G., Stewart, N. J., D’arcy, C., Forbes, D., & Lawson, J. (2005). Work stress and physical assault of nursing aides in rural nursing homes with and without dementia special care units. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 12(3), 347-358. Morley, J.E., & Flaherty, J.H. (2002). Putting the “Home” Back in Nursing Home. Journal of
Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 57A(7), 419-421.
Mullan, J. T., & Harrington, C. (2001). Nursing Home Deficiencies in the United States A Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Research on Aging, 23(5), 503-531.
Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten (2013). I trygge hender (The Norwegian
Knowledge Centre for the Health Services. In Safe Hands).
http://www.pasientsikkerhetskampanjen.no/no/I+trygge+hender/In+English (Downloaded 21.04.2013)
Natan, M.B., Lowenstein, A., & Eisikovits, Z. (2010). Psycho-social factors affecting elders`maltreatment in long-term care facilities. International Nursing Review, 57, 113- 120.
National Research Council. (2003). Elder mistreatment: Abuse, neglect, and exploitation in
an aging America. Washington DC: The National Academies press.
Nerenberg, L. (2006). Communities respond to elder abuse. Journal of Gerontological Social
work, 46(3/4), 5-33.
Nolan, M., Gordon, G., & Nolan, J. (1995). Busy doing nothing. Activity and interaction levels amongst differing populations of elderly patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing,
22, 528-538.
Norris, D., Fancey, P., Power, E., & Ross, P. (2013). The Critical-Ecological Framework: Advancing Knowledge, Practice and Policy on Older Adult Abuse. Journal of Elder
Abuse & Neglect, 25(1), 40-55.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York, McGraw-Hill. Nygård, L. (1974). Alders- og sykehjem: ideal og virkelighet: en undersøkelse av
aldersinstitusjonene i Hedmark fylke. Oslo.
Nytrø, K. (1995). Ansattes syn på sykefravær, eksplorerende analyser av landsrepresentative
data (The staff’s view on sick leave, exploratory analyses of nationwide data). SINTEF
IFIM,Trondheim.
O’Connor, D., Hall, M.I., & Donnelly, M. (2009). Assessing Capacity Within a Context of Abuse or Neglect. Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 21, 156 – 169.
OECD (2011). Concentration of the elderly population in regions in OECD. OECD Regions at a Glance. OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/reg_glance-2011-24-en
Olsen, R.H. (1998). Klok av erfaring? (Gaining wisdom through practice?) Tano Aschehoug, Oslo.
Ot.prp. nr 48 (1985-1986). Om lov om endring i lov av 19. november 1982 .r. 66 om helsetjenesten i kommunenen og andre lover.
Payne, B. K. (2005). Crime and elder abuse: An integrated perspective. Charles C. Thomas