Flat Slabs 1 Definition

(1)P Slabs supported on columns are defined as flat slabs.

(2) For the purpose of this section flat slabs may be of uniform thickness or they may incorporate drops (thickenings over columns).

(3) Flat slabs should be analysed using a proven method of analysis, such as grillage (in which the plate is idealised as a set of interconnected discrete members), finite element, yield line or equivalent frame. Appropriate geometric and material properties should be employed.

9.4.2 Equivalent frame analysis

(1) The structure should be divided longitudinally and transversely into frames

consisting of columns and sections of slabs contained between the centre lines of adjacent panels (area bounded by four adjacent supports). The stiffness of

members may be calculated from their gross cross-sections. For vertical loading the stiffness may be based on the full width of the panels. For horizontal loading

≥ 2h

40% of this value should be used to reflect the increased flexibility of the

column/slab joints in flat slab structures compared to that of column/beam joints. Total load on the panel should be used for the analysis in each direction.

(2) The total bending moments obtained from analysis should be distributed across the width of the slab. In elastic analysis negative moments tend to concentrate towards the centre lines of the columns.

(3) The panels should be assumed to be divided into column and middle strips (see Figure 9.10) and the bending moments should be apportioned as given in

Table 9.1.

Table 9.1 Simplified apportionment of bending moment for a flat slab Negative moments Positive moments

Column Strip 60 - 80% 50 - 70%

Middle Strip 40 - 20% 50 - 30%

Note: Total negative and positive moments to be resisted by the column and middle strips together should always add up to 100%.

(4) Where the width of the column strip is different from 0,5lx as shown in Figure 9.10 (e.g.) equal to width of drops, then the design moments to be resisted by the column and middle strips should be adjusted in proportion to their revised widths.

A - column strip

B - middle strip

Note: When drops of width > (ly/3) are used the column strips may be taken to be the width of drops. The width of middle strips should then be adjusted accordingly.

Figure 9.10: Division of panels in flat slabs

(5) Unless there are perimeter beams, which are adequately designed for torsion, moments transferred to edge or corner columns should be limited to the moment

lx(> ly) ly ly/4 ly/4 ly/4 ly/4 = lx- ly/2 =ly/2 = ly/2 A B B

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of resistance of a rectangular section equal to 0,17 bed2fck (see Figure 9.11 for the definition of be). The positive moment in the end span should be adjusted accordingly.

9.4.3 Irregular column layout

(1) Where, due to the irregular layout of columns, a flat slab can not be sensibly analysed using the equivalent frame method, a grillage or other elastic method may be used. In such a case the following simplified approach will normally be sufficient:

i) analyse the slab with the full load, γQQk + γGGk, on all bays

ii) the midspan and column moments should then be increased to allow for the effects of pattern loads. This may be achieved by loading a critical bay (or bays) with γQQk + γGGk and the rest of the slab with γGGk. Where there may be significant variation in the permanent load between bays, γG should be taken as 1 for the unloaded bays.

iii) the effects of this particular loading may then be applied to other critical bays and supports in a similar way.

(2) The restrictions with regard to the transfer of moments to edge columns given in 9.4.2 should be applied.

A - edge of slab

Note:y can be > cy Note: x can be > cx and y can be > cy

a) Edge column b) Corner column

Note: y is the distance from the edge of the slab to the innermost face of the column.

Figure 9.11: Definition of effective breadth, be 9.4.4 Reinforcement in flat slabs

9.4.4.1 Slab at internal columns

(1) At internal columns in flat slab construction, top reinforcement of area 0,67 Acs should be placed symmetrically about the column centreline in a width equal to

cx cy y be= cx+ y

A

cx cy y

A

be= x + y/2 x

A

half that of the column strip. Acs represents the area of reinforcement required to resist the negative moment in the column strip (see Figure 9.10).

(2) Bottom reinforcement (≥ 2 bars) in each orthogonal direction should be provided at internal columns and this reinforcement should pass through the column. 9.4.4.2 Slab at edge columns

(1) Reinforcement perpendicular to a free edge required to transmit bending

moments from the slab to an edge column should be placed within the effective breadth be shown in Figure 9.11.

9.4.4.3 Punching shear reinforcement

(1) Where punching shear reinforcement is required (see 6.4) it should be placed between the loaded area/column and 1.5d inside the control perimeter at which shear reinforcement is no longer required. It should be provided in at least two perimeters of link legs (see Figure 9.12). The spacing of the link leg perimeters should not exceed 0,75d.

A - outer control perimeter requiring shear reinforcement

B - first control perimeter not requiring shear reinforcement

a) Spacing of links b) Spacing of bent-up bars

Figure 9.12: Punching shear reinforcement

The spacing of link legs around a perimeter should not exceed 1,5d within the first control perimeter (2d from loaded area), and should not exceed 2d for perimeters outside the first control perimeter where that part of the perimeter is assumed to contribute to the shear capacity (see Figure 6.22).

(2) Where shear reinforcement is required the area of a link leg (or equivalent),

Asw,min, isgiven by Expression (9.11).

< 0,5d ≅2d ≤ 0,25d ≤ 0,75d >0,3d A B ≤ 1,5d

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Asw,min ⋅ (1,5⋅sinα + cosα)/(sr⋅ st)≥ (0,8 ⋅√(fck·fck0))/fyk (9.11) where :

α angle between the shear reinforcement and the main steel (i.e. for vertical links α = 90° and sin α = 1)

sr spacing of shear links in the radial direction

st spacing of shear links in the tangential direction

fck0 reference strength to be taken as 1 MPa

(3) Bent-up bars passing through the loaded area or at a distance not exceeding 0,25d from this area may be used as shear reinforcement.

(4) The distance between the face of a support, or the circumference of a loaded area, and the nearest shear reinforcement taken into account in the design should not exceed d/2. This distance should be taken at the level of the tensile reinforcement; if only a single line of bent-up bars is provided, their slope may be reduced to 30°.

9.5 Columns

(1) This clause deals with columns for which the larger dimension h is not greater than 4 times the smaller dimension b.

9.5.1 Longitudinal reinforcement

(1) Bars should have a diameter of not less than 8 mm.

Note: The minimum diameter given in this sub-clause is subject to a National Annex.

(2) The minimum amount of total longitudinal reinforcement A_s,min should be derived from the following condition:

yd Ed s,min 10 , 0 f N

A = or 0,002 Ac whichever is the greater (9.12) where:

f_yd is the design yield strength of the reinforcement

N_Ed is the design axial compression force

Note: The minimum reinforcement area given in this sub-clause is subject to a National Annex.

(3) The area of reinforcement should not exceed 0,04 Acoutside lap locations unless it can be shown that the integrity of concrete is not affected, and that the full strength is achieved at ULS. This limit should be increased to 0,08 A_c at laps.

Note: The maximum reinforcement area given in this sub-clause is subject to a National Annex.

(4) For columns having a polygonal cross-section, at least one bar should be placed at each corner. The number of longitudinal bars in a circular column should not be less than four.

9.5.2 Transverse reinforcement

(1) The diameter of the transverse reinforcement (links, loops or helical spiral reinforcement) should not be less than 6 mm or one quarter of the maximum diameter of the longitudinal bars, whichever is the greater. The diameter of the wires of welded mesh fabric for transverse reinforcement should not be less than 5 mm.

(2) The transverse reinforcement should be anchored adequately.

(3) The spacing of the transverse reinforcement along the column should not exceed the lesser of the following three distances:

- 20 times the minimum diameter of the longitudinal bars - the lesser dimension of the column

- 400 mm

Note : The maximum spacing given in this sub-clause is subject to a National Annex.

(4) The maximum spacing required in (3) should be reduced by a factor 0,6:

(i) in sections within a distance equal to the larger dimension of the column cross-section above or below a beam or slab;

(ii) near lapped joints, if the maximum diameter of the longitudinal bars is greater than 14 mm. A minimum of 3 bars evenly placed in the lap length is required.

(5) Where the direction of the longitudinal bars changes, (e.g. at changes in column size), the spacing of transverse reinforcement should be calculated, taking

account of the lateral forces involved.These effects may be ignored if the change of direction is less than or equal to 1 in 12.

(6) Every longitudinal bar or bundled bars placed in a corner should be held by transverse reinforcement. No bar within a compression zone should be further than 150 mm from a restrained bar.

9.6 Walls

In document October ICS Supersedes ENV , ENV , ENV , ENV , ENV and ENV (Page 166-171)