3.4.1 Brazil
3.4.1.1 General Information
The Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), a non-profit organization founded in 1940, is engaged in the preparation of national standards. In 1973 it created the National System of Metrology, Standardisation and Industrial Quality (Inmetro), sponsored by the Ministry of Industry and Commerce. In 1992, ABNT was responsible for the management of the Brazilian Standardization Process and has declared the National Forum for Standardisation. The regulatory System in Brazil included 27 regulato- ry bodies including ministries and public organisation.456 Brazilian standards whenever possible, follow
international trends and guidelines (e.g. World Trade Organization), include safety issues and promote the participation of the interested parties.457
ENABLE (Stimulate Sustainable Freight Transport Systems with Latin-American Countries, FP7, 2009–2011) contributed to improving external relations between the EU and Latin American countries, namely Argentina and Brazil, in co-modal and intermodal freight transport. Attention was given to net- working and building partnerships to strengthen research links between the two regions.458
Interoperability is not applied yet widely in Brazil. But it can be a great opportunity for logistics trans- formation of organizations, sharing supply, distribution and storage of goods, without loss of autono- my. Enable companies provide better services, as well as helping decision making, providing better performance and aggregation of value, being an alternative to reduce logistics costs.459
No specific information could be found on Research, Development & Innovation, Industry or Market activities regarding Standardization and Interoperability in Brazil.
3.4.1.2 SWOT Analysis
Strengths
National body for Brazilian Standardisation Process
Projects running for international co-operation for co-modal and intermodal freight transport
Weaknesses
Interoperability is not applied yet widely in Brazil. But it can be a great opportunity for lo- gistics transformation of organizations, shar- ing supply, distribution and storage of goods, without loss of autonomy
Limited say in international negotiations Lack of enforcement
456 ISO. (2016). Brazil (ABNT). Retrieved from http://www.iso.org/iso/about/iso_members/iso_member_body.htm?member_id=1579 457 Jornada, J. (n.d.). Technical Regulation in Brazil. Retrieved from
http://www.inmetro.gov.br/barreirastecnicas/apresentacoes/TechnicalRegulationBrazil.pdf
458 European Union. (2014). Transport R&D-cooperation with international partner countries. Tranport Research and Innovation
Portal.
459 Pereira, E. D., Salum, M. I., and Rodriguez, C. M. (2016). Organizational Interoperability in support of competitiveness. In:
Opportunities
Interoperability is not applied yet widely in Brazil. But it can be a great opportunity for lo- gistics transformation of organizations, shar- ing supply, distribution and storage of goods, without loss of autonomy
Lack of legacy of standards
Threats
Standardization is mainly dictated due to little involvement in international negotiations
3.4.2 China
3.4.2.1 General Information
China’s standardization system is administrated by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) and managed by the Standardization Administration of the Peo- ple’s Republic of China (SAC). Other public and private organizations provide input and participate in the process of establishing standards460.
SAC (China Standardization Administration) is the State Council authorized government organization that co-ordinate the national standards drafting process. However, it is the technical committees and their secretariat-organizations that are in charge with the standards drafting. Figure 25 depicts the structure of China’s standardization system.
Figure 25: China standardization system
There are mainly 4 ministries/ministry level organizations that are relevant to ITS standardization in China. Besides the official or governmental organizations, there are also some industry associations or local organizations that are also working in this area:
SAC (China Standardization Administration) Ministry of Transport
Ministry of Information Technology and Industry (MIIT) Ministry of Science461
460 American National Standards Institute (2015). PRC Standards System: standards Used in China. Retrieved from:
https://www.standardsportal.org/usa_en/prc_standards_system/standards_used_in_china.aspx
461 XU, B. (2015). China’s ITS Standardization (Part 1: Main organizations). Retrieved from:
Chinese standards may be either mandatory or voluntary. Standards of the first category are equal to law as do other technical regulations in China. All other standards that do not have these characteris- tics are considered to be voluntary standards. There are four levels of Chinese standards which are hierarchical, as presented in Figure 26 below.
Figure 26: Levels of Chinese standards462
As shown in Figure 26 Local Standards enter into Enterprise Standards, Professional Standards enter into Local Standards and so on. For any product or service, only one type of Chinese standard ap- plies463.
The Chinese government is also cooperating closely with the German DIN Standards (the Chinese standards body, SAC cooperates with DIN since 1979 with the signing of an official agreement). In regular exchanges, Chinese and German experts discuss topics such as quality assurance, occupa- tional health and safety, environmental protection, consumer protection, and the relationship between standards and the law.464
3.4.2.2 Research, Development & Innovation
The Technical committees relevant to ITS standardization in China are the following:
SAC TC 83 Electronics Business (E-Business) Standardization Technical Committee SAC TC 83 Electronics Business Standardization Technical committee is in charge of standardi- zation on EDI, Open EDI, data element and code, data structuring technology, electronic docu- ment format (exchange structure), processes, data maintenance and management, message service and key supporting technologies in the fields of EDI, open EDI, paper-based document format, administrative, commercial, transportation and industry, responsible for work related to ISO/TC154, UN/CEFACT, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC32/WG1.The secretariat of SAC TC 83 is the China National Standardization Institute (CNIS). CNIS is under the leadership of SAC.
SAC TC 223 Traffic Engineering Facilities (Highway) Standardization Technical Committee SAC TC 223 is in charge of national highway engineering facilities standardization work. The sec- retariat of SAC TC 223 is China Research Institute of Highway, which is under Ministry of Transport.
SAC/TC 230 National Geographic Information Standardization Technical Committee
SAC/TC 230 National Geographic Information Standardization Technical Committee is in charge of geographic information national standards plan, coordination and management. Its mission is
462 American National Standards Institute (2015). PRC Standards System: Standards Used in China. Retrieved from:
https://www.standardsportal.org/usa_en/prc_standards_system/standards_used_in_china.aspx.
463 American National Standards Institute (2015). PRC Standards System: Standards Used in China. Retrieved from:
https://www.standardsportal.org/usa_en/prc_standards_system/standards_used_in_china.aspx.
to accelerate China geographic information standardizations, promote geographic information re- sources construction and application, and encourage/coordinate the geographic information shar- ing. The secretariat of SAC TC 230 is National Administration of Surveying, Mapping, and Geo- information of China. The famous BeiDou Navigation Satellite System and standardization work was done by this organization.
In addition, there is a widespread use of RFID tagging systems in China, often installed as original equipment in newly constructed track beds and / or on the rolling stock of the railway system. There are a number of uses, but its use for maintenance purposes seems to be most innovative.
Small-scale wireless sensor networks and RFID technologies for logistics management and predicted maintenance of equipment will be widely used in factories by 2020.
The governments’ priorities for the use of RFID technology are: Agriculture and Livestock, Defence and Security, Environmental Applications, Healthcare and Welfare, Identification, and Transportation. Public transportation is another popular sector for RFID technology applications. China has the largest smart card transport system in the world465.
3.4.2.3 Industry
On 15th Dec 2014, the annual meeting of China National Intelligent Transportation System Standardi- zation Technical Committee was held in Beijing. 100 experts from the Ministry of Transport, SAC and other stakeholders attended this meeting and the main areas of the future standardization work were agreed as being:
Standards drafting in intelligent transportation and logistics;
Standards drafting in driving through E-toll system in the highways and city roads; Standards drafting in transportation Information security;
Standards drafting in cooperative intelligent transportation; Standards drafting in vehicle safety auxiliary driving system.
China's Integration Intelligent Transportation Industry and Service Alliance (China ITS Industry Alli- ance) is an non-profit industry platform, composed of units and organizations involved in the field of intelligent transportation system who are focusing on the research and development, production, man- agement, of relevant technology, product and services, aiming to establish a new development mode in ITS in China. Part of the Alliance’s mission is to promote standardization of integrated intelligent transportation industry and services, enhance integrated intelligent transportation applications, and share domestic and international market resources, etc.466
China ITS Industry Alliance is organized by the Ministry of Transport, and its secretariat is located in the Research Institute of Highway. The management of the alliance is one of the efforts of the Ministry of Transport to bring together different stakeholders in the ITS realm like IT manufactures, telecom- munications and vehicle manufactures.467
3.4.2.4 Market
In 2015, the State Council of China issued a guideline on the deeper amendment of its standardization system. Based on the perception that the existing one is considered to be inefficient and, at times, unable to keep up with China’s social and economic development, the reformation of the standardiza- tion system is necessary for the support of the establishment of a consolidated market which is essen- tial for the upgrade of China’s economy to a medium-high level.
One of the key elements needed to achieve this change in the standardization system is the unifica- tion and integration of local and national standards. The Chinese government also plans to promote a
465 Jung, K., Lee, S. (2015). A systematic review of RFID applications and diffusion: key areas and public policy issues. Re-
trieved from: http://jopeninnovation.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40852-015-0010-z.
466 C-ITS. (2016).Retrieved from: http://www.c-its.org/english/about.htm.
467 American National Standards Institute. (2015). PRC Standards System: Standards Used in China. Retrieved from:
system that is developed by the major market players by encouraging alliances in which standards are developed jointly in order to better meet market needs. Another goal of these efforts is to reach the country's objectives in terms of innovation.468
3.4.2.5 SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Own standard setting yields high power of self-assertion
Standardization is used as a means to in- crease foreign economic affairs
Weaknesses
Standardization is not pursued with other key industrial nations
Disagreement between central and local governments, as well as between local gov- ernments
Opportunities
If standards are set early on in technology development, China as an export-oriented nation, could establish international standard Governmental support on future standardiza-
tion work
Threats
High uncertainty of the Chinese economic situation
If standards set in China are not accepted by the international community, the country might suffer from re-bound effects
3.4.3 India
3.4.3.1 General Information
Under the national Standard body of India - Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Transport Engineering Division Council (TEDC) develops the standardisation in the field of transport engineering including air, water, road and rail transport; diesel engines for stationery application and ISO freight containers, transport packaging.469 The latest programme of work for TEDC was prepared in 2014 and are ar-
ranged, in the sequential order of the committee number, such as TED 2 Automotive prime movers, transmission system and internal combustion engines and TED 12 Freight containers and pallets etc. The standards are updated regularly.470 Various exchange programmes/ projects exist to exchange
experiences between India and European countries, such as the Seconded European Standardisation Expert for India (SESEI) project in 2013 to raise awareness on the European Standardisation System, values and assets in India.471
The Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) is an important channel of communication for the Automobile Industry with various stakeholders (the Government, National and International organi- sations). The Society works closely with all concerned stakeholders and actively participates in the formulation of rules, regulations and policies related to the Automobile Industry. It provides technical regulations such as regulatory framework on vehicles, emission norms, safety regulations, in-use ve- hicle norms and fuel efficiency data.472
India is aiming at integrating various modes of transport like bus and Metro service with train schedule to provide end-to-end service to commuters so that a passenger, after descending from a train, gets a convenient transport to reach the destination.473
No specific information could be found on research, development & innovation, and market activities regarding standardization and interoperability in India.
468 Hong, W., Cheung, D., Sit, D. (2015). China’s 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020): Redefining China’s development paradigm
under the New Normal. Retrieved from: http://www.ccilc.pt/sites/default/files/chinas_13th_five-year_plan_2016- 2020_redefining_chinas_development_paradigm_under_the_new_normal.pdf.
469 BIS. (n.d.). Technical Division Council. Retrieved from: http://164.100.105.199:8071/php/BIS/TechnicalDepartments.php. 470 BIS. (2014). TED Programme of Work. Retrieved from: http://www.bis.org.in/sf/pow/ted.pdf.
471 EU Standards India. (2016). Seconded European Standardization Expert in India. Retrieved from: http://eustandards.in/#. 472 SIAM. (n.d.). Regulatory Framework. Retrieved from: http://www.siamindia.com/technical-
regulation.aspx?mpgid=31&pgidtrail=32.
473 Prabhu, S. (2015). Integrated transportation system for railways soon, but no privatisation. Retrieved from:
http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-integrated-transportation-system-for-railways-soon-but-no-privatisation-suresh-prabhu- 2052590.
3.4.3.2 Industry
The committee-wise programme of work of Transport Engineering Department (TED) as of 2014 in- cludes474:
TED 2 Automotive primemovers, transmission system and internal combustion engines TED 4 Automotive Braking systems, steering systems, vehicle testing and performance evalua-
tion
TED 6 Automotive Body, Chassis, Accessories and Garage Equipment TED 7 Automotive Tyres, Tubes and Rims
TED 11 Automotive electrical equipement and instruments
TED 12 Freight containers and pallets etc. The standards are updated regularly
TED 14 Aircraft, Space Vehicles, Air Cargo Handling and Aircraft Electrical and Instruments TED 16 Bicycles
TED 17 Shipbuilding
TED 18 Inland, Harbour Crafts and Fishing Vessels TED 19 Marine Engineering and Safety Ads
TED 21 Automotive Springs and Suspension Systems TED 22 Tranport Tractors, Trailers and Industrial Trucks TED 24 Transport Packages and Packaging Codes
TED 26 Automotive Vehicles Running on Non-Conventional Energy Sources TED 27 Electric and Hybrid vehicles
TED 28 Intelligent Transport System
Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) is the government-approved test agency to carry out mandatory certification testing. It is also a research association and service provider to carry out spon- sored R&D work, development testing and dissemination of information and knowledge sharing in association with Industry/academia.475 It published automotive industry standards; some of them as of
August 2, 2016, are listed below:476
AIS-001 Automotive Vehicles – Rear-view mirrors – Specification
AIS-007 Information on Technical Specifications to be Submitted by the Vehicle Manufacturer AIS-025 Safety and Procedural Requirement for type approval of CNG operated vehicles
Indian automotive standards are leading as well as lagging technology. For example, Emission norms have led the innovation in power train technology (from conventional engines – BSII to Fuel Cells/Evs/hybrids – BSV), while advanced lighting systems were introduced first on vehicle and stand- ards are followed later.477
3.4.3.3 SWOT Analysis
Strengths
National support on automotive standards de- velopment and implementation
Organisations such as Society of Indian Auto- mobile Manufacturers (SIAM) provides technical regulations
Weaknesses
Standards are not in harmony with tech- nology development
Limited influence in international negotia- tions
474 BIS. (2014). TED Programme of Work. Retrieved from: http://www.bis.org.in/sf/pow/ted.pdf. 475 Urdhwareshe, R. (2013). Automotive Industry: Regulations Scenario in India. Retrieved from:
http://www.iesaonline.org/downloads/IESA_VS2013_ARAI_Rashmi_Urdhwareshe.pdf.
476 ARAI. (2016). List of published automative Industry Standards. Retrieved from
https://araiindia.com/hmr/Control/AIS/83201693748AM0_List_of_AIS_published_02_08_2016.pdf.
477 Urdhwareshe, R. (2013). Automotive Industry: Regulations Scenario in India. Retrieved from:
Opportunities
With the development/improvement on smarter mobility technology or with smart city in place, standardisation are required to be speed up or upgraded accordingly. TED (Transport Engineer- ing Department) is responsible for that.
Threats
Standardization is mainly dictated due to little involvement in international negotia- tions
3.4.4 Japan
Transport in Japan has a long history. Therefore, all modes have developed their own standards on the domestic Japanese market. For example, cars drive on the left and the rail gauge is different from international standards.
Regarding road transport vehicle related technologies, one of the main actors is the ITS Standardiza- tion Committee (see ITS Initiatives in Japan FA1). Especially TC22 (Road Vehicle) and TC204 (ITS) are very active. However, most effort is put on standardization of automated driving. This involves not only ISO activities but also UN ECE, WP1, and WP29 activities and in the near future ITU-T. In addi- tion, IEEE will contribute to the standardization of telecommunication needs for automated driving. The national standardization committees are under the leadership of corresponding bureaus of Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport. Concerning the promotion of international standardization a multi- tude of different Japanese actors are involved. Under the name “Building a safe and secure road transport society using cooperative systems” the Cabinet Secretariat (CS), the Cabinet Office (CO), the National Police Agency (NPA), the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), the Min- istry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI), and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) are pushing safe and secure road transportation.
Japan Ship Technology Research Association (JSTRA) was established by the merger of three asso- ciations: the Shipbuilding Research Association of Japan, Japan Marine Standards Association and Japanese Association of the Ship Scrapping Promotion. Since its foundation, JSTRA has been under the guidance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) and supported by The Nippon Foundation and many other maritime organizations. The keywords of JSTRA are “ship regulations, standards and R&D.” All projects are based on comprehensive and strategic approaches through a synergy of these three elements and some projects are closely related to important agendas in international organizations such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO), International Or- ganization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electro-technical Commission (IEC). Such pro- jects include marine transportation of hydrogen vehicles, new generation standards of stability, pre- vention of air pollution from ships, assessment of environmental impacts of stain-resistant substances and coatings, intra-ship LAN, and improvement of energy efficiency.478
With respect to mobile networks necessary for establishing an automated and connected transport system, many governments, including the European Union, are supporting the development of a 5G network. In Japan, however, this is not the case, since the country tries to push its own solutions. This protectionism drastically reduces the possibility of international interoperability of network systems.
Figure 27: Organization of ITS Japan and involved parties
3.4.4.1 SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Many different actors involved (CS, CO, NPA, MIC, METI, MLIT, ITS)
Anchored in government programs (e.g. Society 5.0 – Super Smart Society) Very active ITS standardization (TC22 and
TC204)
Japan Ship Technology Research Associa- tion (JSTRA) actively involved in regulation and standardization in the maritime industry
Weaknesses
Focus is rather placed on standardization for foreign economic policy rather than for in- teroperability
Japan does not manage to make standards binding
Opportunities
If government uses standardization for for- eign policy making, then responsibility lies with industry increasing their stake