D. fan - Forced Draft Fan

F.A.O. - An abbreviation of “finish all over”; it designates that a forging must have sufficient size over the dimensions given on the drawing so that all surfaces may be machined in order to obtain the dimensions shown on the drawing. The amount of additional stock necessary for machining allowance depends on the size and shape of the part and is agreed on by the vendor and the user.

F.O.B. - Prices denote the so-called free-on-board payment, for material that a consumer or agent will give when he picks it up at a dealer's dock. The f.o.b. prices are usually less than delivered-to-works prices for the same items.

Fabricating Ingot - A cast form suitable for subsequent working by such methods as rolling, forging, extruding, etc. (“Rolling ingot.” “Forging ingot.” “Extrusion Ingot.”)

Fabrication - The joining, usually by welding, of two or more parts to produce a finished assembly. The components of the assembly may be a combination of cast and wrought materials.

Fabricator - A producer of intermediate products that does not also produce primary metal. Examples include brass, wire and rod mills which buy copper and other

primary or secondary metals to produce brass and other copper alloys or take raw forms of metal and make building,magnet,telecommunications and/or industrial wire,rod and similar products.

Face - To machine a flat surface, as in the end of a shaft in the lathe. The operation is known as facing.

Face Centered (concerning cubic space lattices) - Having equivalent points at the corners of the unit cell and at the centers of its six faces. A face-centered cubic space lattice is characteristic of one of the slose-packed arrangements of equal hard spheres.

Face Milling - Milling a large flat surface with a milling cutter that operates in a plane that is at right angles to its axis.

Face Plate - A large circular plate with slots and holes for mounting the workpiece to be machined. It is attached to the headstock of a lathe.

Facing - The process of making a flat or smooth surface (usually the end) on a piece of stock or material.

Facing Sand - Specially prepared molding sand mixture used in the mold adjacent to the pattern to produce a smooth casting surface.

Fading - A coating defect consisting of the condition in a colored coating where the color, either transparent or opaque, appears to get lighter or bleached out. Heat, light, or chemical exposure usually causes fading.

Far Side - The drive side of the line (farthest away from the pulpit).

Farval System - A lubrication system. See Grease System.

Fastmet - A process to directly reduce iron ore to metallic iron pellets that can be fed into an electric arc furnace with an equal amount of scrap. This process is

designed to bypass the coke oven-blast furnace route to produce hot metal from iron ore. It is also one of several methods that mini-mills might use to reduce their

dependence on high-quality scrap inputs (see Direct Reduced Iron and Hot Briquetted Iron).

Fatigue - The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses (having maximum value less than the tensile strength of the material).

Fatigue Crack or Failure - A fracture starting from a nucleus where there is an abnormal concentration of cyclic stress. The fracture surface is smooth and frequently shows concentric (sea shell) markings with a nucleus as a center.

Fatigue Limit (Endurance Limit) - Maximum stress that a material can presumable endure without failure for an infinite number of load cycles.

Fatigue Strength - Maximum stress that a material will endure without failure for a specified number of load cycles.

Fatique Testing - Fatique tests are made with the object of determining the relationship between the stress range and the number of times it can be applied before causing failure. Testing machines are used for applying cyclically varying stresses and cover tension, compression, torsion and bending or a combination of these stresses.

Fe - Chemical symbol for Iron.

Feather Edge - A sharp reduction in gauge on the edge of a band which is caused be grooves worn in rolls due to extensive rolling of the same width material. This is done for coating control on edge. The gauge variations on a feathered edge generally does not extend in from the edge more than one inch.

Feed - The rate of travel of a cutting tool across or into the work, expressed in inches per minute or in inches per revolution.

Feed mechanism - The mechanism,often automatic, which controls the advancing movement (ffed) of the cutting tools used in machines.

Feed Water - Cleaned and softened, chemically treated and steam heated, raw water used for steam generation within the boiler. The temperature of feed water normally is 275-280 B0 F.

Feed Water Pumps - Four pumps (3 in service) used to supply water to the boiler.

Feeder - Also called “Riser”, it is part of the gating system that forms the reservoir of molten metal necessary to compensate for losses due to shrinkage as the metal solidifies.

Feeder Table - A round table that rotates material onto the #10 and #21 conveyor belts.

Feeding - The process of supplying molten metal to compensate for volume shrinkage while the casting is solidifying.

Feedstock - Any raw material.

Feeler Gauge - 1) Gauge used to gap the slitter knives. The steel being side-trimmed determines the gap between the slitter knives. The gauge slides between the knives measuring the gap between them. 2) A tool used to set the gap of the slitter knives.

Female part - A concave piece of equipment which receives a mating male (convex) part.

Ferralloy - A metal product commonly used as a raw material feed in steelmaking, usually containing iron and otheer metals to aid various stages of the steelmaking process such as deoxidation, desulfurization and adding strength. Examples:

ferrochrome,ferromanganese and ferrosilicon.

Ferrand - A device that senses the amount of travel of the A.G.C. cylinders.

Ferrite - A solid solution of one or more elements in the body-center-cubic phase of iron or steel.

Ferrite Banding - Parallel bands of free ferrite aligned in the direction of working.

Sometimes referred to a ferrite streaks.

Ferritic - "The second-largest class of stainless steel, constituting approximately 25% of stainless production. Ferritic stainless steels are plain chromium steels with no significant nickel content; the lack of nickel results in lower corrosion resistance than the austenitics (chromium-nickel stainless steels). Ferritics are best suited for general and high-temperature corrosion applications rather than services requiring high strength. They are used in automotive trim and exhaust systems, interior architectural trim, and hot water tanks. Two of the most common grades are type 430 (general-purpose grade for many applications, including decorative ones) and type 409 (low-cost grade well suited to withstanding high temperatures). "

Ferro Alloy - A metal product commonly used as a raw material feed in

steelmaking, usually containing iron and other metals, to aid various stages of the steelmaking process such as deoxidation, desulfurization, and adding strength.

Examples: ferrochrome, ferromanganese, and ferrosilicon.

Ferro-Manganese - An alloy of iron and manganese (80% manganese) used in making additions of manganese to steel or cast-iron. Ferroalloy, An alloy of iron with a sufficient amount of some element or elements such as manganese, chromium, or vanadium for use as a means in adding these elements into molten steel.

Ferrochrome - An alloy of iron and chromium with up to 72% chromium.

Ferrochrome is commonly used as a raw material in the making of stainless steel.

Ferromagnetic - The ability to become highly magnetic and have the ability to retain a permanent magnetic moment. The elementary magnetic dipoles inside the domain are all oriented in a direction parallel to each other.

Ferrous - Metals that consist primarily of iron.

Fettle - British term meaning the process of removing all runners and risers and cleaning off adhering sand from the casting. Also refers to the removal of slag from the inside of the cupola and in Britain to repair the bed of an open hearth.

Fiber - (1) The characteristic of wrought metal that indicates directional properties.

It is revealed by etching a longitudinal section or manifested by the fibrous

appearance of a fracture. It is caused chiefly by extension of the constituents of the metal, both metallic and nonmetallic, in the direction of working. (2) The pattern of preferred orientation of metal crystal after a given deformation process.

Fibers - Ensures the proper alignment of the strip as it enters the knives in the Sheet Mill.. Fibers are used to hold the strip just above the knife to prevent knife marks on the steel.

File Hardness - Hardness as determined by the use of file of standarized hardness on the assumption that a material which cannot be cut with the file is as hard as,or harder than the file. Files covering a range of hardnesses may be employed.

File Rasp - Tool used to remove zinc or tin buildup from the welder wheels.

File Test - A test for hardness in which a corner of a file is run across the piece of metal being tested. The hardness is shown by the dent the file makes.

Filed Edges - Finished edges, the final contours of which are produced by drawing the strip over a series of small steel files. This is the usual and accepted method of dressing the edges of annealed spring steel strip after slitting in cases where edgewise slitting cracks are objectionable or slitting burr is to be removed.

Filler Metal - A third material that is melted concurrently with the parent metal during fusion or braze welding. It is usually, but not necessarily, of different composition from the parent metals.

Fillet - A concave corner piece used on foundry patterns, a radius joint replacing sharp inside corners.

Filter Canister - The portion of the filter assembly that holds the filter element.

Filter Element - (Filter) A disposable unit that removes solid contamination from the oil.

Filter Housing - (Head)The portion of the filter assembly in which the filter element is seated.

Filter Sludge - A material that is produced when the water from the clarification tanks is filtered for the scrubber system.

Fin - A thin projection on a forging resulting from trimming or from the metal under pressure being forced into hairline cracks in the die or around die inserts

Fin stock - Coiled sheet or foil in specific alloys, tempers, an thickness ranges suitable for manufacture of fins for heat-exchanger applications

Finery - A charcoal-fueled hearth furnace used in early processes for converting cast iron to wrought iron by melting and oxidizing it in an air blast, then repeatedly

oxidizing the product in the presence of a slag. The carbon oxidizes more rapidly than the iron so that a wrought iron of low carbon content is produced.

Finish - The surface appearance of steel after final treatment.

Finish Allowance - The amount of stock left on the surface of a casting, forging or mill products for machining.

Finish Mark - A symbol (f, f1, f2, etc.) appearing on the line of a drawing that represents the edge of the surface of the casting to be machined or otherwise finished.

Finish Welding - Production welding carried out in order to ensure the agreed quality of the casting.

Finished Steel - Steel that is ready for the market without further work or

treatment. Blooms, billets, slabs, sheet bars, and wire rods are termed semi-finished produced by the in-the-line thermal treatment following electrodeposition.

Finishes - The surface appearance of the various metals after final treatment such as rolling, etc. Over the years the following finishes have become recognized as standard in their respective fields ALUMINUM SHEET (A) Commercially Bright (B) Bright one side (C) Bright both sides BLACK PLATE (A) Dull finish without luster produced by use of roughened rolls. (B) Bright finish – a luster finish produced by use of rolls having a moderately smooth surface. COLD ROLLED STEEL SHEETS (A) Commercial finish. A dull satin surface texture produced by roughened rolls (B) Commercial Bright Finish. Bright in appearance with a texture between luster and a very fine matte finish. (C) Luster Finish. Produced by use of ground and polished rolls. (Note: This is not a number 3 finish). COLD ROLLED STRIP STEELS No. 1 Finish – A dull finish produced without luster by rolling on roughened rolls. No. 2 Finish – A regular bright finish produced by rolling on moderately bright rolls. No. 3 finish – Best Bright Finish. A lustrous or high floss finish produced by rolling on highly polished rolls. Also referred to as “Mirror Finish”. COPPER BASE ALLOYS Acid Dipped – Dry rolled finished. Produced by dry cold rolling bi-chromate dipped alloy with polihed rolls, resulting in a burnished appearnace and retaining the color obtained by dipping(True Metal Color). Bright Dipped Finish – Finish resulting from an acid dip.

Buffed or Polished Surface – a finish obtained by buffing, resulting in a high gloss or polished finish. Cold Rolled Finish – A relatively smooth finish obtained by cold rolling plain pickled strip with a lubricant. Dry rolled Finish – A burnished finish resulting from dry cold rolling by use of polished rolls without any metal lubricant Hot Rolled Finish – A dark relatively rough oxidized finish resulting from rolling the metal while hot. May subsequently be pickled or bright dipped but the rough surface remains.

Stretched Brushed Finish (Satin finish) - Obtained by mechanically brushing with wire brushes or by buffing. FLAT WIRE No.2 Finish – A regular bright finish. No.3 Finish – Best Bright High Gloss finish produced by use of poplished rolls. Or by special buffing – this is a negotiated finish STAINLESS COLD ROLLED SHEET and STRIP NOS. 1,2B & 2D No.1 finish – C.R. Annealed and pickled appearance varies from dull gray matte finish to a fairly reflective surface No.2B Finish – Same as No.1 finish followed by a final light cold rolled pass generally on highly polished rolls.

No.2D finish – A dull cold rolled finish produced by cold rolling on dull rolls.

STAINLESS C.R. SHEET – Polished Finishes No.3 Finish – This is an intermediate polished finish. No.4 Finish – Ground and polished finish. No.6 Finish –

Ground,polished and Tampico Brushed. No.7 Finish – Ground and High Luster Polished No.8 Finish – Ground and polished to Mirror Finish. TEMPERED and

UNTEMPERED COLD ROLLED CARBON SPRING STEEL STRIP Classified by description as follows: (A). Black Oil Tempered (B). Scaless Tempered (C). Bright Tempered (D).

Tempered and Polished (E). Tempered, Polished and Colored (Blue or Straw) TIN PLATE(A). Bright Hot Dipped Finish (B). Electro Matte Dull finish (C). Electro Bright Reflow Finish – produced by the in-the-line thermal treatment following

electrodeposition

Finishing Facilities - The portion of the steelmaking complex that processes semi-finished steel (slabs or billets) into forms that can be used by others. Finishing operations can include rolling mills, pickle lines, tandem mills, annealing facilities, and temper mills.

Finishing Stand - The last stand in a rolling mill, which determines the surface finish and final gauge.

Finite Difference Analysis (FDA) - A computerized numerical modeling approach for solving differential equations. Used primarily in solving heat transfer and

solidification problems.

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) - A computerized numerical analysis technique used for solving differential equations to primarily solved mechanical engineering problems relating to stress analysis.

Finmet - The process reduces iron ore fines with gas in a descending series of fluidized bed reactors. The reduced iron is hot briquetted.

Fire Cracks - An irregular pattern of lines on the surface of a sheet caused by rolling with a fire cracked roll. Fire cracks will develop when a roll is not properly cooled.

Firecracker Core - See Pencil Core

Firing Model - the furnace, the ECA, and the Cycle Number. The system determines the furnace type, base type, heat hours, cool hours, uncover temperature, and gas stream.

Fish Eyes - A coating defect consisting of the undissolved particles in the coating usually surrounded by a circular crater. The particles are usually resinous and are raised up from the cured surface with the appearance of the eye of a fish.

Fish mouthing - See “lamination.”

Fishtail - A common name for the center gage. It is used to set thread cutting tools and has scales on it for determing the numbet of threads per inch.

Fit - The relation between mating or matching parts, that is, the amount of, or lack of, play between then

Fitting - The connection point for two pipes or conduit or the point where grease is inserted into a piece of equipment.

Fixture - A production work-holding device used for machining duplicate workpieces.

Although the term is used interchangeably with jig, a fixture is not designed to guide the cutting tools as the jig does.

Flag - A marker inserted adjacent to the edge at a splice or lap in a roll or foil

Flakes - Short discontinuous internal fissures in ferrous metals attributed to stresses produced by lacalized transformation and decreased solubility of hydrogen during cooling after hot working. In a fractured surface, flakes appear as bright silvery areas; on an etched surface thay appear as short discontinuous cracks. Also called shatter cracks and snowflakes.

Flaking - A condition in coated sheet where portions of the coating become loosened due to inadequate adhesion

Flange - See “Rib.”

Flapper Valve Steel - An extremely flat, very smooth, very accurate to gage, polished, hardened and tempered spring steel produced from approximately 1.15 carbon. The name is derived from its common and principle usage.

Flare Test - A test applied to tubing, involving a tapered expansion over a cone.

Similar to pin expansion test.

Flash - A thin section of metal formed at the mold, core, or die joint or parting in a casting due to the cope and drag not matching completely or where core and coreprint do not match.

Flash extension - The amount of metal extending beyond the part at the flash line.

Flash line - A line left on a forging where flash has been removed

Flash Stain - A stain that occurs in the rinse tanks when the line has stopped. It appears blue, green, or black.

Flash Tanks - Where blow down is converted to water for feed water and steam for the plant header.

Flashburn - A defect made by contact rolls when an arc is passed through the strip.

Generally on lighter baseweight. (D.R. coils)

Flashing - A coating defect consisting of the uneven, random distribution of a coating on coated substrate. A variation in the color of a coating which is due to variations of the Film weight. A coating defect consisting of the flame weight fluctuation is caused by disproportionate amount of coating transferring from the application roll.

Flask - A metal frame used for making or holding a sand mold. The upper part is the cope and the bottom half is the drag.

Flask Bar - A reinforcing member attached within either half of a flask to assist in holding the rammed sand in position.

Flask Clamp - A device for holding together the cope, drag, and cheek of a flask.

Flask Pin Guides - Guides used to accurately align the match plate pattern in the flask and flask to flask location.

Flat Back - A pattern with a flat surface at the joint of the mold. It lies wholly within the drag and the joint of the cope is a plane surface.

Flat Band - A band with location marks used to position a coil on reel.

Flat Coil - Coil that has collapsed center.

Flat Die Forging(open die forging) - Forging worked between flat or simple contour dies by repeated strokes and manipulation of the workpiece. Also known as

“hand” or “smith” forging.

Flat Latch Needle Steel - Supplied cold rolled and annealed. Carbon content .85.

Supplied both in coil and flat length. Used to make flat latch needles which are used in the manufacture of knitted goods.

Flatness - (1) For rolled products, a distortion of the surface of sheet such as a bulge or a wave, usually transverse to the direction of rolling. Often described by location across width, i.e., edge buckle, quarter buckle, center buckle, etc. (2) For

Flatness - (1) For rolled products, a distortion of the surface of sheet such as a bulge or a wave, usually transverse to the direction of rolling. Often described by location across width, i.e., edge buckle, quarter buckle, center buckle, etc. (2) For