There are clear signs that MOEs in Europe and beyond are intensifying efforts to integrate CT, programming, computing, algorithmic thinking, CS and coding in formal education, albeit using a variety of approaches. At the same time, a notable array of initiatives is emerging in non-formal or informal settings at local, national and international levels. Hereafter we provide an overview of the initiatives we have encountered. They are grouped according to their current reach and location: global level, for those initiatives that are present on more than one continent; European level, for initiatives present either at Pan-European or member State level; extra-European level, for initiatives outside Europe. We should underline the fact that this list is not exhaustive, as a comprehensive global survey was beyond the scope of this study. We are certain that many more initiatives currently exist inside and outside Europe from which valuable lessons can be learnt.
Initiatives arising outside formal education have been the first to fill the perceived gap between social needs for computing and CT skills and educational provisions, and some have quickly reached global status. As initiatives generally developed in non-formal or informal settings, they are not necessarily tied to curricular constraints, and tend to foster a participatory technological culture.
As highlighted by Mitchel Resnick during the interview: “In general, formal settings can
provide structure for systematic thinking and approaches, while informal settings can help children build up motivation and identify their interests. An ideal setting should have both of those.” Although many initiatives were originally more coding-oriented, almost all
are currently taking a turn towards a broader perspective and orientation, thus including CT and CS in their vision and priorities.
This resonates with the views Mary Dunphy Moloney (Coderdojo) and Pat Yongpradit (Code.org) voiced in the interviews. In particular, Dunphy Moloney pointed out that while coding activities help learners develop problem-solving and interpersonal skills, CT encompasses a broader set of skills. Yongpradit clarified that Code.org's focus is on Computer Science for all, not only on coding.
Most of the initiatives described were founded in 2011 or later (except for Bebras in 2004 and Computer Science Unplugged in the 1990s). Most of the grassroots initiatives use a variety of terms on their official website. Three initiatives explicitly refer to CT in their mission statement (Bebras, Code@SG Movement, Computer Science Unplugged), four refer to coding/programming, four to Computer Science and two to Computing.
Overall, the grassroots initiatives have a high outreach, with numbers increasing every year. For instance, in 2015 EU Code Week organized 7600 events on learning to create with code in 46 countries (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and the US) involving 570,000 people. The Bebras computing challenge involved more than 1,300,000 students from 38 countries, and tens of millions worldwide have tried the Hour of Code.
The majority of the grassroots initiatives also target formal education by developing course materials and organising teacher training. The CS Unplugged materials and
Code.org courses are very popular in schools worldwide. Some grassroots initiatives
young people to participate in programming clubs, while Computing At School focuses on supporting teachers in England who are implementing the computing curriculum.
Box 5. Bebras
Bebras was founded in 2004 in Lithuania as a single-focus annual event. Since then it has developed into a multifunctional challenge that includes various activities, such as contest rounds, discussion on informatics topics, task-solving seminars, teacher workshops, and task developing events. In 2015, Bebras reached more than 1.3 million participants from 38 countries. The same year, the contest changed its name from “Bebras contest on informatics and
computer fluency” to “Bebras challenge on informatics and computational thinking” (bebras.org).
Bebras is the Lithuanian word for beaver, which is seen as a smart, hard-working and determined animal.
National Bebras challenges are held every year at the same time in autumn in all participating countries, usually in November. Each participant has 45 minutes to solve 18 tasks that focus on solving problems from a broad range of informatics topics, without requiring any programming skills. Different tasks are offered for five different age groups from 8 to 19 years. Teachers usually supervise the activity, which is performed at schools on computers. Several countries have established a second round of the Bebras challenge, usually at the end of January or beginning of February, which is dedicated to the best participants from the first round.
Both challenge rounds aim to trigger students’ interest in Computer Science and to promote CT, embracing algorithmic, logical and operational skills, and based on informatics fundamentals. To this end, representatives of the Bebras countries aspire to wrap serious scientific problems and basic informatics concepts into playful tasks in an effort to attract and motivate students.
Grassroots initiatives that receive public funding also rely on backing from industry partners. Google, for instance, supports Bebras, Code.org and Computer Science
Unplugged, while Microsoft supports Code.org, CoderDojo and Computing At School
(CAS).
CoderDojo is a free after-school club, led by volunteers, for kids aged
7-17. Kids, parents, mentors, and others play with technology and learn to code. There are 1,100 plus active dojos in 65 countries in the world reaching 45,000 kids.
Launched in 2013, Code.org® is a non-profit dedicated to expanding access to Computer Science, and increasing the participation of women and underrepresented minorities. 263 million people have tried the Hour
of Code world wide and 11 million students have used Code Studio.
Bebras is an international initiative whose goal is to promote
Computer Science and CT mainly among teachers and pupils of all ages, but also among the public at large. Bebras organises easily accessible and highly motivating online challenges in many countries.
CS Unplugged is a collection of free learning activities that teach
Computer Science through engaging games and puzzles. The initiative allows young students to dive head-first into Computer Science, without learning programming first.
Code Club builds a community of volunteers computer science
experts who share a passion for digital making with children and teachers across the world. Code Club offers training for primary teachers Since 2012, Code Club has developed a growing network of after-school clubs.
Made With Code is a Google-sponsored initiative aimed at getting young women excited about learning to code and closing the gender gap in the tech industry. It provides resources, motivation, videos, and activities that enthuse girls about coding activities.
EU Code Week is a grassroots movement run by volunteers who
promote coding in their countries as Code Week Ambassadors. EU Commissioner Neelie Kroes launched the initiative in 2013. In 2015, more than 150,000 people participated in 4,200 coding events.
The European Coding Initiative, or ‘all you need is {C<3DE}',
brings together a wide array of stakeholders to promote coding and CT at all levels of education, as well as in informal settings.
The Barefoot Computing Programme supports UK primary school
teachers in delivering the computing curriculum. It empowers teachers with the confidence, knowledge, skills and resources to teach computer science and help young people become ‘computational thinkers’.
The mission of Computing At School is to provide leadership and strategic guidance to all those involved in Computing education in schools, with a significant focus on the Computer Science theme within the wider Computing curriculum.
Code it Like a Girl organizes workshops that familiarize women in
Greece with coding. It aims to expand to all Greek cities and become the organization with the strongest impact on women in Greece.
Programamos is a Spanish non-profit organization whose
objective is to promote the development of CT from an early age. It is set up as a social network that allows the exchange of best practices, resources, and ideas that promote programming, coding, and CT.
The Code@SG Movement, organised by the Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (iDA), aims to seed coding and CT taught to students to build Singapore's national capability and to prepare for #SmartNation.
In Singapore, Computhink provides computer programming courses and holiday camps for kids aged 7 to 16. Launched in February 2015, its mission is to make CT and programming accessible to students of all ages. Code for Change Myanmar is a new initiative designed to help
the technology community in Myanmar use their skills to help tackle some of the country’s pressing problems.