FRAND commitments and the Horizontal Guidelines

5.2. Standard essential patent in the ICT industry

5.2.4. FRAND commitments and the Horizontal Guidelines

-FLAT'" I :

Photographs o f Anthericum speciea studied

A. A. limosum

UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY

-PLATE I I

Pho tographlfs o f Chlorophytum species studied;

A . Chlorophytum blepharophyllum

B . t? macrophyllum

C. ^ft Inornatum

D . t» laxum

E . ^> ft stenopetalum I

F. ^ft stenopetalum II

G. ^ft to^roense

H . ft alismifolium

v K ft caulescens (a. caulescens)

ft Ghlorophytum X

Kote the root Systems in Chlorophytum stenopetalum I and I I , th eir in florescen ce and number o f leaves.

UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY

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-TABLS3

CHLOROPHYTUMMDANTHERlCmi HOOTSK0RPH0L0GY

-____________________________t

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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY

TA3LS 4

RBP7.0 DUCTI YB SFiOOT OP 30MB CHLOROFHYTUM AND ANTH3 JCUM SP3CI5S

G. b le n h a rc - C. m acro- C. in o r

-G. laxum G. a te n o - c C. s t e n o - C to^ro- ’ C;- ä l i s - C h lo r o - G. c a u l e -

sce_n3 A. 1 Inosins ' A. p t e r o - A. tub i r

-phvllum phyllum na tum petalum I petalum I I ense m ifoliu m phytum X c au Ion

KO. 0B3.. 20 20 20 20 20 20 . - 20 20 20 20 20 2 0 10

FSXSCL3 ( c a )

HANGS 2 7 .5 - 4 1 .2 1 5 .0 - 2 0 .0 2 1 .0 - 3 1 .5 1 6 .0 -3 3 .0 6 .0 - 8 .5 7 . 2 - 1 3 . 0 3 0 .5 * 7 6 .0 9 .8 - 1 1 . 0 1 0 .1 - 1 2 .5 5 6 .0 -6 9 .5 6 0 . 7 - 7 6 .0 9 6 . 2 - 1 1 C 5 0 - 8 0

KRAN 3 1 .5 1 7 .8 2 6 .5 1 9 .9 7 .5 1 0 .9 6 1 .7 1 0 .3 1 1 .7 5 6 1 .3 6 7 .Q 1 0 8 .3 7 2 .5

L5NST3 0 ? NO. OBS. 100 100 1C0 100 J 0 O 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

TBPAL (ma) RA' 03 6 . 0 - 7 .0 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 6 .5 - 7 .5 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 5 .5 - 6 . 0 5 . 5 - 6 . 0 1 1 .0 -1 2 .0 5 .5 - 6 .5 7 . 5 - 8 . 0 1 2 .0 -1 2 .5 1 1 . 0 - 1 2 .0 1 0 .0 -1 1 .0 8 , 0 - 9 . 0

K3AII 6 .8 7 .5 7 .0 5 .5 5 .7 5 5 .7 5 1 1.5 6 .0 , 7 .6 7 1 2 .2 1 1 .5 1 0 .5 8 . 5

NO. OBS. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

VIDTH OP

TEFAL (e s) RANGS 2 .0 - 3 . 0 1 .5 - 2 . 0 1 . 5 - 2 .0 1 .5 - 2 . 0 1 . 0 - 2 .0 1 .0 - 1 .5 ' 3 . 0 - 5 . 0 1 .5 - 2 . 0 2 .5 - 3 . 0 1 . 8 - 2 . 0 3 . 0 - 5 . 0 4 .0

2 .0 - 2 . 5 3 . 5 - 5 .0

KEIN 2 .2 5 1 .7 5 1 .7 5 1 .7 5

1 .5 1 .2 5 4 .0 1 .7 5 2 .7 5 1 .9 3 2 .2 5 3 .8 3

TEFAL V

r ³³ ²³ ²⁵ ³² ²⁶ ²² ³⁵ ²⁹ ³⁶ ^{1 5 .8 2} ³⁵ ²¹ ⁴⁵

KO. CBS. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 ICO 100

LSNOTH C?

FILAMENT (a n ) RINGS , 5 .0 - 5 . 5 5 . 5 - 6 . 0 3 .0 - 4 .5 4 . 0 - 4 . 5 4 . 5 - 5 . 0 6 .0 - 7 . 0 4 . 5 - 5 . 0 4 .5 - 5 .0 3 - 5 7 .0 - 9 .0 4 . 5 - 5 . 0 5 .0 - 5 .5 4 .0 - 4 . 5

KSAN 5 .2 5 5 .7 5 3 .8 6 4 .1 5 ' 4 .7 5 6.21 4 .7 5 4 .7 5 4 .0 5 8 .0 4 .7 5 5 .2 5 4 . 2 5 '

1ENG7H 0 ? NC• OBS• 100 100 100 • 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

AE TEER (am. ) RANGS 2 .0 - 2 .5 2 .0 - 2 . 5 1 .0 - 1 .5 1 .0 - 2 .0 1 .5 - 2 . 0 1 . 5 - 2 .0 1 .5 - 2 .0 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 v 2 . 5 - 3 .0 1 . 5 - 2 .5 4 . 0 - 5 . 0 4 .G »6 .0 2 .5 - 3 . 5

NE A1T 2 .2 5 2 .2 5 1 .4 3 1 .6 1 .9 1 .6 5 1 .6 5 1 .5 5 2 .6 4 2 .2 4 4 .5 5 .0 3 .0

X£AN LENGTH 0 ? STAMSN 6 .3 8 6 ,8 8 4 .4 8 4 .9 5 5 .7 . 7 .0 4 5 .5 8 5 .5 3 5 .3 7 9 .1 2 7 .0 0 7 .7 5 5 .7 5

LSNOTH 0 ? STILS (e s. )

NO. OBS. 50 50 5 ° 50 50 j 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 20

RANG 4 . 0 - 5 . 0 7 - 9 3 .0 - 4 .0 3 .0 - 3 . 5 5 . 0 - 5 . 5 6 ( 0 - 7 .5 4 .0 ,-5 .5 4 .0 - 4 . 5 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 7 - 9 11 - 13 8 - 1 1 6 .5 - 8 . 0

k e a; 4 .6 8 .2 3 .6 3 3.21 4 .7 5 •6.5 5 .0 4 .1 2 5 .8 7 .8 9 1 2.5 $ .0 7 . 0

C? ITC. CBS. 50 50 / 50 50 50 50

I 50 50 5p 50 50 50 20

07AHY (mm.) RANGS 1 .5 - 2 .0 2 .0 - 3 1 .5 - 2 .0 1 .0 - 1 . 5 1 . 0 - 2 .0 1 .9 - 2 .0 2 .0 - 3 . 0 1 .0 - 1 . 5 1 . 5 - 2 .0 1 .5 - 3 . 0 2 .0 - 3 .5 2 . 0 - 2 . 5 2 . 0 - 2 . 5 f

KRAN 1 .9 6 2 .2 5 " T .88 1 .1 5 1 .5 5 1 .8 2 .4 5 1.1 1 .6 2 2 .4 2 .5 2 .1 5

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FlSTIL KE.IN LEE7EL5T 6 .5 6 10.45 5.51 4 .3 6 6 .3 8 . 3 7 .4 5 5 .2 2 7 .4 2 10.29 15 1 1.15 ? • ’ ... |

< 0 ? STAKEN: FISTIL 5 7 .2 6 65.8 4 8 1.3 1 1 1 3 .5 3 9 0 .4 8 8 4 .8 2 7 4 .9 0 1 05 .94 7 2 .3 7 6 8 .6 3 4 6 .6 7 69.51 5 3.1 9 j

< C? AN TH ER: ? ! LATENT 4 2 .8 6 3 9 .1 3 3 7 .0 5 3 8.55 4 0 .0 2 6 .5 7 3 4 .7 4 3 2.63 6 5 .1 9 2 8 .0 9 4 .7 4 9 5 .2 4 7 0 .5 9 |

o ? C7E2Y: STILS 42.61 2 7 .4 4 51.7 9 3 5 .8 3 3 2 .6 3 27.6 9 4 9 .0 . 2 6 .7 0 2 7 .9 3 30.4 2 2 0 .0 2 3 .8 9 - i E 3 |

| 55 0 ? JUJTEEH: STILE 4 8 .9 1 , 2 7 .4 4 3 9 .3 9 4 9 .8 4 4 0 .0 2 5 .3 8 3 3 .0 3 7 . 6 ? 4 5 .5 2 2 8 .3 9 3 6 .0 5 5 .5 6 4 2 .8 6 j

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FOLLBITGRAINMORPHOLOCY

UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY

TABLS 6

(XTAIITATIVS KORPHOLOGY OF SONS NIGERIA!? 5PECIE3 OF CHLORCTUYHTK AND ANTHSRIUM

CHA2ACT3HS

pj3 rH«-!

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L3A? APEX Acuminate Acum inate Acuminate Acum inate Acuminate Acuminate Acum inate Acum inate Acuminate Acuminate Acum inate Acuminate Acum inate

LSA? 3HAPS L a n c e o la te L a n c e o la te L a n c e o la t e L in e a r -.__

L a n ce o la te L a n c e o la t e L a n c e o la te L a n c e o la t e L a n c e o la t e L in e a r

-L a n c e o la t e L a n c e o la t e L in e a r L in e a r L in e a r

KARGIN C i l i a t e S n t ir e S n t ir e

S n t ir e S n t ir e S n t ir e S n t ir e S n t ir e S n t ir e

W hite S n t ir e S n t ir e S n t ir e S n t ir e TYPS C? L2A? 2ASS P e t i o la t e P e t i o l a t e P e t i o la t e P e t i o l a t e P e t i o l a t e P e t i o la t e P e t i o la t e Sheathed S heathed Sheathed Sheathed Sheathed S heathed LOCATION 0 ? INFLCPJ5SCSNCE C en tra l C e n t r a l A x il

C e n t r a l

C e n tra l C e n tra l C e n t r a l C en tra l C en tra l C e n tra l Cent r a l C e n tra l C e n tra l C e n tra l

COIOUR 0 ? TSPAi Brown W hite Green W hite W hite W hite Green W hite W hite Brown W hite W hite W hite

COLGUR 0 ? ANTHSR Y e llo w Y e llo w Y e llo w Y e llo w Y e llo w Y ellow Y e llo w W hite W hite Y ellovf Y e llo w Y e llo w Brown

C0LCU3 0 ? LSA? BASS Green Green P in k is h Green Green Green Green Green Green Green Pink Pink Red

K o t t le d LOCATION 0 ? SCCT HJBER(S) Median A lt e r n a t e D i s t a l ^ P rox im a l Median A lt e r n a t e D is t a l D i s t a l P rox im a l Kone Kedian D is t a l D is t a l TYPS C? E7510R23CSKC2

S Q

Raceme Raeeme Raceme Raceme Raceme Raceme P a n ie ie Raceme Raceme P a n ic le P a n ic le P a n i c l e P a n ic le

TOTAL DISPC’SIT 10!?

AT rCLLINATION

3 e n t Backward

E ent Backvrard

Bent

Back ward Spread ou t Bent Backward

Bent •' Backward

Bent Back ward

Spread o u t

Spread out

B ent Backward

Spread ou t

Spread o u t

TL?AL ARRANGEMENT L arge

P e t a ls in O u ter p a rt

Large P e t a ls in C u ter p a rt

L arge L arge

P.etals_ in P e t a ls in O u ter p a rt O u ter p a rt

'L arge P e t a ls in O u ter p a rt

t L argö P e t a ls in O u ter p a rt

L arge P e t a ls in O u ter p a rt

Large P e t a ls in O u ter p a rt

Sm all P e t a ls in O u ter p a rt

L a rge P e t a ls in Ö u ter p a rt

Sm all P e t a ls in O u ter p a rt

Small F e t a ls in G u ter p a rt“

Small F e t a ls in O u ter p a r t

m i r 3HAPS D eeply

Lobed

D eep ly -Lobed

D eeply Lobed

S h a llo w ly Lobed

Deeply Lobed

D eeply Lobed

D eep ly Lobed

S h a llo w ly Lobed

S h a llo w ly Lobed SHAPD 0 ? PSDCKSL2 C ir c u la r C ir c u l a r : C ir c u la r C ir c u la r C ir c u la r C ir c u la r C ir c u la r C ir c u la r C ir c u la r C ir c u la r P la tt e n e d P la tten ed P la tt e n e d SRaPS 0 ? F5SUX3TSK C ir c u l a r - - P la tt e n e d - - C ir c u la r P la tt e n e d P la tte n e d C ir c u la r P la tt e n e d P la tt e n e d P la tte n e d

UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY l

DISCUS&ION

-The morphological studies on the t h r e e taxa o f Anthericum and te n taxa o f Chlorophytum reveal much overlappings and s im ila r itie s . Data c o lle c te d from ten species o f Anthericum and fift e e n species o f

Chlorophytum from herbarium specimen3 equally confirm the s im ila ritie s o f the two genera.

Data in Table 1 reveal the overlapping o f the le a f length^ le a f widths, number o f veins per l e a f and number o f leaves per p la n t.

These overlapping characters can not be very u sefu l as d ist inguishlng characters for ' genetic stu d ies. The type o f le a f margin is common to the two genera except blepharophyllum whidh lias c ilia t e d margin and Chloro phytum X with hyaline margin. The vein spacing in tervals across the le a f blade and even the le a f index can be used to separate the two genera.

The le a f index o f the taxa d ivid e them into three groups. The f i r s t group is rnade up o f taxa with th eir le a f in d ices above 20 ( i . e . Group a) . The Intermediate group ( i . e . Group B) i s made up o f plant3 having th e ir le a f indices between 10 and 20. Ghereas, the third group (Group C) con sists o f taxa having le a f in dices below 10. Using Tables 1 and 2 ( i . e . data from both fresh and herbarium speeimens), the taxa in th is complex can be separated as fo llo w s :

UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY

Group A plan ts: A. dal z i e l l i ; A. limosum; A. higericum ; A. nubicum;

A. pterocaulon, A* pubirhacbis, A. specioua;

A. nyuiense, and A. monilifo r m e .

Group B plant 3^ares Chlorophytum X, CJ. b e q u a e rtii, £ . lax um, and

£• b 1 e pha ro phyl lum.

Group C plante a r e : CA alism ifoliu m , gallabaten set CA geophilum, C. momatum. G. macro phyl lum ;G. orchidastrum,

C. sp a rsif lorumg CA stenopetalum II and II .C. togoense • CA Q-ureum, CA tuberosum, CA caulescens (A. cau lescen s) ; A. s ub pe t i o lat um.» C. laxum and CA blepharophyllum . The double grouping of CA .laxum and CA b 1 e pha ro phy l lum can be considered from two points o f view. Data from fresh specimena place the two species in group C. while data from preserved 3pccimens

place them in group B (see Tables 1 and 2 re sp e o tiv e ly ). The v a r ie tie s

dealt with in the three herbaria were in v a r i o u s

stages

o f

development

anc siz e s, while the cu ltiva ted specimens were almost o f the sarae variety

and stage o f development. I t is therefore reasonable that the grouping should vary in the two ta b les, The second possible reason is that

the herbarium specimens shrink more breadthr-wise than lengthwise because the mid-ribs and veins normally check lon gitu d in ol reduction in size as a reuult o f drying, This then resu lts in incroased in dices

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-■in the spocies since the widths are r e la tiv e ly more reduced.

These plants are a l l a ffe cte d by one o r both reasons given above. However, i t is in terestin g to note that the grouping in 88% is the same. This thus means that the le a f index is a r e lia b le dividin g character fo r this group o f plants. Using this c r ite r io n places a l l the Anthericum speeies in Group A except A. subpetiolatum.

On the other hand, a l l the Chlorophsctuin speeies with C^ caulescens ( i . e . A. caulescens) and A. subpetiolatum are placed in Group C.

(except Chloi’ophytum X and C.. b e q u a e t t ii). Though, this crite r io n can not be taken as s u ffic ie n t at the moment fo r tra n sferrin g speeies from one genus to the other, i t could rein force other c r it e r ia .

A ca refu l examination o f vein spacing in tervals (VSl) presented in the 13th column o f Table 1 and in the 11 th v e r tic a l column o f Table 2 shows two groupings o f che plants in the complex. Group A is made up o f plants having th eir VSI le s s than 0.5 mm., and Group B plants have th eir V SI from 0.5 and above.

Group A plants are A. d a l z i e l i i . A. l imosum. A. nubi cum. A. niaericum.

A. pterocaulon A. pubirhachis . A. specious. A. uyuien3e , A. m oniliforme, Chip rophytum X. ancj laxum

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txj.'o-.j-p ■r i)ian+« 0. aureum. C_. b e g u a rtii. C_. alism ifoliu m . C_. blepharophyllum. C.„ geophilum C. gallabatense.

C. inornatum. C^> togoense. C. macrophvllum.

C. orchidastrura . C_. sparsiflorum . C . stenopetalum I & I I

C. tuberosum. C!* caulescens (A. caulescens) and A .su b petiolatu m .

The gnouping by the vein spacing in tervals agrees with that o f the le a f mndex. Thus the use o f these c r it e r ia is somehow complernentaiy and o b je c tiv e . The position s o f the intennediates and the species o f Anthericum grouped along with the Chlorophytum species s t i l l need further in v e stig a tio n s.

The. root quantitative morphology presented in Table 3 simply are

shows that Anthericum and Chlorophytum gen era/close r e la tiv e s . There are many overlappings. Hence the usefulness o f these root morphological characters fo r cytogenetic study and taxonomic Separation is lim ited.

However, qu alita tive properties o f the root types (see Table 6) in the two genera, reveal three main root types. They are:

Type I plants have a ltem a tin g - op p ositely arranged root-tu b ers.

Taxa in this group are _C. s te nopetalum I I and C_. macrophyllum Type I I are plants with one or two root tubers per r o o t. This type

can further be divided into three sectionss

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Group II plants have th e ir me an an t her lengths le s s than

2.5

millimetres. Taxa in

this group

are

C_.

alismifolium,

C,. blepharophyllum. Ch in omatum. C. laxum. Ch macrophyllum.

C_. stenopetalum I and I I , C,. togoense and C,. caulescens.

The percentage o f anther as a ratio o f the filament (aERP) a lso' divides the plants into two groups:

Group I is made up o f plants having th eir anther; filament ra tio

percentage above 5Q5. Plants in th is group are ghinrophytum X and the Anthericum sp ecies.

Group II plants have th eir anther; filament ra tio percentage below

50$» These are „the remaifting Chlorophytum species.

The use o f the anther; filament ra tio percentage as a c rite r io n A

helps to • solve the intermediate p osition o f Chlorophy tum X under the mean anther length grouping. In the la t t e r , it s value, which is 2.5 mm.

forms the upper lim it o f Chlorophytum and the lower lim it o f Anthericum sp ecies. The use o f AFRP d e c is iv e iy places Chlorophytum X along with the Anthericum sp ecies. I ts AFEP value o f is above 50?°, th e lo w e r lim it o f Anthericum.

I t may be necessary to point out here that the grouping, resu lting from the use o f the mean anther len& un and AFRP values agree with that o f le a f index and V31 groupings stated e a r lie r .

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56

-The pellen grain morphologi an 1 data as presented in Table 5 only eonfinn the closen ess o f 'ehe two genera* The iudex f o r each taxon, whioh shows the shape o f the peilen grain s, overlap s. Honce th is has lim ited use fo r the moment. It may be neceasniy to place i t on record that some o i l y droplets were observed in (J. laxum pollen grains. This is not found in other 3 p ecies. However, more detailed in vestigation s and studies are hoped f o r in future Research work.

The q u a lita tiv e characters fo r the th irteen taxa o f Anthericum and Chiprophytum genera presented in Table 7 give further confirm ation o f the relation sh ip s o x is tin g between the two genera* Most o f the characters show overlapping3, thus in d ica tin g tfyeir closen ess. However, the anther colour va ries in in ten sity from yellow to brown in both genera, but Chic rophy tum X and jC. alism ifolium have white anthers.

Colour of le a f base iS usu ally green in Chlorophytum sp ecies but those o f Anthoricum species are pinLish. A. m birhachis even has

red iish m ottlin g. The pseudostem in Anthericum sp ecies, Chlorophytum X, Ch a l ism ifolium and (3. laxrjq is flatten ed o r compressed. The

pseudostem is c ir c u la r in C* caulescens and other species o f Chlorophytum when present. The shape o f the pedusele show that A. limosum, A .pterccaalon and A. pubirhachis h a v e flatten ed and angled peduncles vrliile those o f

<C. canlescens and o t h e r taxa o f Clilorophytum are c ir c u la r . The shape o f le a f f o r Anthe r icum is lin e a r while that o f Chlorophytum species is la n ceola te.

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g ra ticu le equalled 10.0 microns at X 10 and 2.5 microns at X 40 o b je c tiv e s . . The measurements were recorded in niarons« At le a st f i f t y stomata and th e ir neighbouring c e lls were randomly se le cte d from at le a st fiv e specimens of each speoics and so treuted* Mean values o f tlie length and width o f stomatal apparatus as w ell aa

those of the neighbouring c e l l s were calculated*

i i . Index fo r each stoma and neighbouring c e l l was calcu lated in dividual ly .

i i i . The number of stomata, using X 10 o b je c tiv e , was couated from at lea st f i v e specimens of each species. Twenty such counfcs were made fo r each sp ecies. The mean per f i e l d of view of the m icrosco at X 1 0 o b je ctiv e at which one uni l o f nicronexor g ra ticu le e^uaxs

1 o jxi. was calculated es fo llo w s : Area o f a c ir c le

Biameter of f i e l d of view - 10.0 x 100 mm«

1000

Thus area o f f i e l d v ie w

9 at X 10 ob jectiv e

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60

-j '

The d istrib u tion of number o f stomata per square m illimetre was calculated thus:

( x x 1) stomata / sq. mm.

Where x i s the mean number o f stomata per f i e l a of view y i s the calculated area of the f i e l d o f view

= 0.785mm2 *

The product was approximated^to the nearest whole number. I t was then recorded as the number of stomata/sq. mm. fo r each species.

iv . The mean length of the stcciata was found as the r a t io o f the mean length o f the neighbouring c e l l s and the mean width. The mean index of stomata was a lso determined as a r a tio o f the mean index of the neighbouring c e l l s .

I f the s'fcaEBta : Neighbouring c e lls r a tio = A;B

*8 io of stoma t a l r a tio = ( j_ x 100 ) A + B

The product i s then put in brackets a^,OT’G the r a t io . This i s done in Order to have the same basis of comparison,

B. ' L2AF ANATOMY;

Transverse sections were cut from fresh le a f by using Reichert slid in g microtome. Leaves from seedlings, r e la t iv e ly mature plants, flow ering plants and old fr u itin g plants were a l l sampled and

examined in each species. This was to ascertain whether any

anatomical fe a tu re (s) or stru ctu re(s) were due to the le a f develop-mental variation s

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i i . Leaf Anatorav of Dry S-peeixnens;

Leaf samples were taken from wide ränge o f preserved specimens.

The dry leaves were gen tly b oiled and preserved fo r fo rty -e ig h t hours in F.A.A. (aade up with 10mls o f AOfo Poraaldehye; 5mls of 95$ ethyl a lch o l; 5als o f g la c ia l A cetic acid and 35mls o f d i s t il le d water (Ayensu, 1972). Part of each treated le a f was cnbodded in paraffin wax and cut by using a Beck*s Rotary Microtome. The transverse

section s crumbled. The fre e sin g nicrotcsäe and even the R eichert slid in g microtome were used, but there was no better section in g.

Other pretreatments of the preserved leaves were trie d . Some leaves were soaked in warm water fo r twenty-four hours before section in g. Some leaves were only b o ile d , allowed to co o l and sectioned without preservation. The section s cut crumbled, I t i s therefore not possib le +o present transverse section s from preserved specimens.

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