5 “Identity document”, or “identification document”
30. Fraud/identity fraud
Legislators have also addressed identity-related information in connection with fraud in general or established ad hoc identity fraud offences.
36 Chilean Penal Code, of 12 November 1874, see: http://www.servicioweb.cl/juridico/Codigo%20Penal%20de%20
Chile%20libro2.htm.
37 French Criminal Code, Act No. 1996-647, of 22 July 1996, Article 2, Official Journal of 23 July 1996, see: http://
Canada, Bill S-4 amending the Criminal Code (identity theft and related misconduct), Section 403 (Identity fraud):
(1) Everyone commits an offence who fraudulently personates another person, living or dead,
(a) with intent to gain advantage for themselves or another person; (b) with intent to obtain any property or an interest in any property;
(c) with intent to cause disadvantage to the person being personated or another
person; or
(d) with intent to avoid arrest or prosecution or to obstruct, pervert or defeat
the course of justice.
31. Intent to commit another offence
Some researched countries possess legislation establishing a link between identity-related crime and the intent to perpetrate other crimes.
United Kingdom, Identity Cards Act,38 Sections 1 to 4:
(1) It is an offence for a person with the requisite intention to have in his possession or under his control:
(a) an identity document that is false and that he knows or believes to be false; (b) an identity document that was improperly obtained and that he knows or
believes to have been improperly obtained; or
(c) an identity document that relates to someone else.
(2) The requisite intention for the purposes of subsection (1) is:
( a) the intention of using the document for establishing registrable facts about
himself; or
( b) the intention of allowing or inducing another to use it for establishing,
ascertaining or verifying registrable facts about himself or about any other per- son (with the exception, in the case of a document within paragraph (c) of that
subsection, of the individual to whom it relates).
(3) It is an offence for a person with the requisite intention to make, or to have in his possession or under his control:
(a) any apparatus which, to his knowledge, is or has been specially designed or
adapted for the making of false identity documents; or
(b) any article or material which, to his knowledge, is or has been specially
designed or adapted to be used in the making of false identity documents. (4) The requisite intention for the purposes of subsection (3) is:
(a) that he or another will make a false identity document; and
(b) that the document will be used by somebody for establishing, ascertaining
or verifying registrable facts about a person. Nigeria, Criminal Code,39 Section 479:
Any person who knowingly and with an intent to procure the same to be inserted in a register of births, deaths, or marriages, makes any false statement touching any matter required by law to be registered in any such register, is guilty of a felony, and is liable to imprisonment for three years.
39 Nigerian Criminal Code, of 1990, Chapter 18, see: http://www.nigeria-law.org/Criminal%20Code%20Act-PartIII-IV.
Country Legislation
identity-related information concept identity-related information categories
denomination
Form of information
social security no./ single personal identification no./ health insurance no.
name/address/ date of birth/ written signature
Birth, marital status or death certificate/ id card/passport/ immigration doc.
driving license/ military status card/ voter card for political elections
Credit or debit card no./financial institution account no.
e-mail login/e-mail or web browsing passwords/mac- address or ip-address/electronic or digital signature/user name
Fingerprint/ voice print/retina image/iris image/ dnA profile ALBAniA Criminal Code Identity
documents
Any Yes Yes Yes
ArgentinA Criminal Code Personal database Databases, data files
Yes Yes
AUstrALiA Privacy Act (1988)
Personal information
Any—information or opinion
AUstriA Criminal Code, and Law 565/78
Personal data Any Yes
AzerBAiJAn Criminal Code Law protected computer info. Computers, systems, networks BoLiViA (plurinational state of)
Law 1768/97 Computer data Electronic support
BrAziL Criminal Code - Documental Yes Yes
BULgAriA Criminal Code Personal data, passwords
Any
CAnAdA Bill S-4 - Any (including biological/ physiological)
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
ChiLe Law 19.223/93 System data Data contained in a system
Yes
ChinA Criminal Code Citizen´s
identification cards Any
CoLomBiA Criminal Code Personal data Databases
CostA riCA Law 8148 Secrets Electronic media
A.1. Identity-related crime legislation: definitions, means or format of identity-related information, protected ID information
Country Legislation denomination information health insurance no. written signature immigration doc. political elections account no. or digital signature/user name dnA profile ALBAniA Criminal Code Identity
documents
Any Yes Yes Yes
ArgentinA Criminal Code Personal database Databases, data files
Yes Yes
AUstrALiA Privacy Act (1988)
Personal information
Any—information or opinion
AUstriA Criminal Code, and Law 565/78
Personal data Any Yes
AzerBAiJAn Criminal Code Law protected computer info. Computers, systems, networks BoLiViA (plurinational state of)
Law 1768/97 Computer data Electronic support
BrAziL Criminal Code - Documental Yes Yes
BULgAriA Criminal Code Personal data, passwords
Any
CAnAdA Bill S-4 - Any (including biological/ physiological)
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
ChiLe Law 19.223/93 System data Data contained in a system
Yes
ChinA Criminal Code Citizen´s
identification cards Any
CoLomBiA Criminal Code Personal data Databases
Country Legislation
identity-related information concept identity-related information categories
denomination
Form of information
social security no./ single personal identification no./ health insurance no.
name/address/ date of birth/ written signature
Birth, marital status or death certificate/ id card/passport/ immigration doc.
driving license/ military status card/ voter card for political elections
Credit or debit card no./financial institution account no.
e-mail login/e-mail or web browsing passwords/mac- address or ip-address/electronic or digital signature/user name
Fingerprint/ voice print/retina image/iris image/ dnA profile eCUAdor Criminal Code (amended in 2002) Personal doc., restricted personal or family data Data and electronic media
estoniA Criminal Code Personal information of delicate character
Computers, data banks
FrAnCe Criminal Code, and Law 88-19/88
Data Any
georgiA Criminal Code Law protected computer information
Computers, systems, networks
germAny Criminal Code Identification paper
Documental Yes Yes
hUngAry Act LXIII of 1992
Personal data Any
indiA Information technology Act (2008)
Identity information Any Yes
itALy Criminal Code Computer systems relating to public order
Code, key words Yes
JApAn Criminal Code, and Law 128/99
Electromagnetic records,
Identification code
Electromagnetic Yes Yes
KAzAKhstAn Criminal Code Law protected computer information
Computers, systems, networks
KyrgyzstAn Criminal Code Law protected computer information
Computers, systems, networks
mexiCo Criminal Code (amended in 1999) Information contained in systems of financial institutions Data
nigeriA Criminal code Electronic documents
Any
perU Criminal Code Undue access to database
Database or system
phiLippines Access Devices Regulation Act of 1998
Identities, PIN number
Card, plate, code, equipment
Country Legislation
identity-related information concept identity-related information categories
denomination
Form of information
social security no./ single personal identification no./ health insurance no.
name/address/ date of birth/ written signature
Birth, marital status or death certificate/ id card/passport/ immigration doc.
driving license/ military status card/ voter card for political elections
Credit or debit card no./financial institution account no.
e-mail login/e-mail or web browsing passwords/mac- address or ip-address/electronic or digital signature/user name
Fingerprint/ voice print/retina image/iris image/ dnA profile eCUAdor Criminal Code (amended in 2002) Personal doc., restricted personal or family data Data and electronic media
estoniA Criminal Code Personal information of delicate character
Computers, data banks
FrAnCe Criminal Code, and Law 88-19/88
Data Any
georgiA Criminal Code Law protected computer information
Computers, systems, networks
germAny Criminal Code Identification paper
Documental Yes Yes
hUngAry Act LXIII of 1992
Personal data Any
indiA Information technology Act (2008)
Identity information Any Yes
itALy Criminal Code Computer systems relating to public order
Code, key words Yes
JApAn Criminal Code, and Law 128/99
Electromagnetic records,
Identification code
Electromagnetic Yes Yes
KAzAKhstAn Criminal Code Law protected computer information
Computers, systems, networks
KyrgyzstAn Criminal Code Law protected computer information
Computers, systems, networks
mexiCo Criminal Code (amended in 1999) Information contained in systems of financial institutions Data
nigeriA Criminal code Electronic documents
Any
perU Criminal Code Undue access to database
Database or system
phiLippines Access Devices Regulation Act of 1998
Identities, PIN number
Card, plate, code, equipment
Country Legislation
identity-related information concept identity-related information categories
denomination
Form of information
social security no./ single personal identification no./ health insurance no.
name/address/ date of birth/ written signature
Birth, marital status or death certificate/ id card/passport/ immigration doc.
driving license/ military status card/ voter card for political elections
Credit or debit card no./financial institution account no.
e-mail login/e-mail or web browsing passwords/mac- address or ip-address/electronic or digital signature/user name
Fingerprint/ voice print/retina image/iris image/ dnA profile portUgAL Law 109/91 Confidential data
repUBLiC oF moLdoVA
Law No. 17-XVI/ 2007
Personal data Information
systems, biometrical
romAniA Anti Corruption Law of
Data on the users
rUssiAn FederAtion Federal Law No.152-FZ/2006 (Law on Personal Data) Personal data, identity data Databases, information systems, biometrical, soUth AFriCA
ECT Act Personal
information
Any Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
spAin Criminal Code— Law 10/1995 Data of personal character Computer, electronic or telematic files and media Yes
sWitzerLAnd Criminal Code
sWeden Criminal Code Data False mark
tUrKey Criminal Code Counterfeit or falsified bank or credit card
Bank or credit card
United Kingdom
UK Fraud Act/ UK Identity Cards Act
Documental Yes Yes Yes
United stAtes
US Code—Title 18, Chapter 47
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
VenezUeLA Law 37.313/2001 Personal or patrimonial data or information
Country Legislation
identity-related information concept identity-related information categories
denomination
Form of information
social security no./ single personal identification no./ health insurance no.
name/address/ date of birth/ written signature
Birth, marital status or death certificate/ id card/passport/ immigration doc.
driving license/ military status card/ voter card for political elections
Credit or debit card no./financial institution account no.
e-mail login/e-mail or web browsing passwords/mac- address or ip-address/electronic or digital signature/user name
Fingerprint/ voice print/retina image/iris image/ dnA profile portUgAL Law 109/91 Confidential data
repUBLiC oF moLdoVA
Law No. 17-XVI/ 2007
Personal data Information
systems, biometrical
romAniA Anti Corruption Law of
Data on the users
rUssiAn FederAtion Federal Law No.152-FZ/2006 (Law on Personal Data) Personal data, identity data Databases, information systems, biometrical, soUth AFriCA
ECT Act Personal
information
Any Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
spAin Criminal Code— Law 10/1995 Data of personal character Computer, electronic or telematic files and media Yes
sWitzerLAnd Criminal Code
sWeden Criminal Code Data False mark
tUrKey Criminal Code Counterfeit or falsified bank or credit card
Bank or credit card
United Kingdom
UK Fraud Act/ UK Identity Cards Act
Documental Yes Yes Yes
United stAtes
US Code—Title 18, Chapter 47
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
VenezUeLA Law 37.313/2001 Personal or patrimonial data or information
Country Legislation
production of a counterfeit document or falsification of
a genuine document
individual unlawful use of identity-related information
Collective unlawful use of identity-related information traffic of identity-related information damage to another’s identity-related information Attempt/ conspiracy/ aid/abet produce/alter/interfere/ authenticate/assemble/make/ adapt/modify possess/use/hold/obtain/ control/give or present false information/access (including breaking though access- protection)/procure/assign
omit/suppress transfer/make available placing online/transmit/distribute/sell or supply/offer for sale or to supply (or possess for such purposes)/ surrender/disseminate
transfer/transport/dispose (or make/obtain control with such intent)/store/ undertaking to import or export
provoking or affirming a mistake/ pretending that false facts exist/ destroying, occulting distorting or suppressing true facts/influencing the result of a data processing operation
ALBAniA Criminal Code Yes Yes Yes
ArgentinA Penal Code Yes Yes Yes Yes
BrAziL Criminal Code Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
CAnAdA Bill S-4 Yes Yes Yes
germAny German Criminal Code
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
indiA IT Act (2008) Yes
JApAn Law 128, of 1999
Yes Yes Yes Yes
soUth AFriCA ECT Act Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
United Kingdom
UK Fraud Act/ UK Identity Cards Act
Yes Yes Yes
United stAtes US Code Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
A.2. Identity-related crime typologies and categories of conducts
Country Legislation
intent
Lack of authorization or permission
Awareness belief or recklessness to commit/aid/
abet any unlawful activity
to defraud
to deceive
to obtain for himself or a third person an unlawful material benefit/advantage
to use the document for establishing registrable facts about oneself
As to obtaining or possessing someone else’s identity info.
As to the falseness or improper obtainance of the document
As to whether the information will be used to commit an indictable offence
ALBAniA Criminal Code
ArgentinA Penal Code Yes Yes Yes
AUstrALiA Privacy Act (1988)
BrAziL Criminal Code Yes Yes Yes
CAnAdA Bill S-4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
germAny German Criminal Code
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
indiA IT Act 2008 Yes Yes
JApAn Law 128, of 1999
Yes
soUth AFriCA ECT Act Yes Yes Yes Yes
United Kingdom
UK Fraud Act/ UK Identity Cards Act
Yes Yes Yes Yes
United stAtes US Code Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country Legislation
production of a counterfeit document or falsification of
a genuine document
individual unlawful use of identity-related information
Collective unlawful use of identity-related information traffic of identity-related information damage to another’s identity-related information Attempt/ conspiracy/ aid/abet produce/alter/interfere/ authenticate/assemble/make/ adapt/modify possess/use/hold/obtain/ control/give or present false information/access (including breaking though access- protection)/procure/assign
omit/suppress transfer/make available placing online/transmit/distribute/sell or supply/offer for sale or to supply (or possess for such purposes)/ surrender/disseminate
transfer/transport/dispose (or make/obtain control with such intent)/store/ undertaking to import or export
provoking or affirming a mistake/ pretending that false facts exist/ destroying, occulting distorting or suppressing true facts/influencing the result of a data processing operation
ALBAniA Criminal Code Yes Yes Yes
ArgentinA Penal Code Yes Yes Yes Yes
BrAziL Criminal Code Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
CAnAdA Bill S-4 Yes Yes Yes
germAny German Criminal Code
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
indiA IT Act (2008) Yes
JApAn Law 128, of 1999
Yes Yes Yes Yes
soUth AFriCA ECT Act Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
United Kingdom
UK Fraud Act/ UK Identity Cards Act
Yes Yes Yes
United stAtes US Code Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country Legislation
intent
Lack of authorization or permission
Awareness belief or recklessness to commit/aid/
abet any unlawful activity
to defraud
to deceive
to obtain for himself or a third person an unlawful material benefit/advantage
to use the document for establishing registrable facts about oneself
As to obtaining or possessing someone else’s identity info.
As to the falseness or improper obtainance of the document
As to whether the information will be used to commit an indictable offence
ALBAniA Criminal Code
ArgentinA Penal Code Yes Yes Yes
AUstrALiA Privacy Act (1988)
BrAziL Criminal Code Yes Yes Yes
CAnAdA Bill S-4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
germAny German Criminal Code
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
indiA IT Act 2008 Yes Yes
JApAn Law 128, of 1999
Yes
soUth AFriCA ECT Act Yes Yes Yes Yes
United Kingdom
UK Fraud Act/ UK Identity Cards Act
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Samples of national laws, and relevant sources
Country Legislation source ALBAniA Criminal Code, and Law
No. 7895, of 27 January 1995
http://www.cyberlawdb.com/docs/albania/albania.pdf
ArmeniA Criminal Code http://www.cyberlawdb.com/docs/armenia/armenia.pdf
ArgentinA Criminal code, and Law No. 25.286/2008
http://www.cyberlawdb.com/docs/argentina/argentina.pdf
AUstrALiA Privacy Act, 1988 http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/ActCompilation1. nsf/0/CDFBC6BC359968E4CA257758001791A7?OpenDocument
AUstriA Criminal Code, and Federal Act Concerning the Protection
of Personal Data
http://www.dsk.gv.at/site/6230/default.aspx#E15 http://www.cyberlawdb.com/docs/austria/austria.pdf
AzerBAiJAn Criminal Code http://www.crime-research.org/library/Criminal_Codes.html
BArBAdos Computer Misuse Act, of 18 July 2005
http://www.cyberlawdb.com/docs/barbados/computer_misuse.pdf
BeLArUs Criminal Code http://www.crime-research.org/library/Criminal_Codes.html
BoLiViA (plurinational state of)
Criminal Code http://www.oas.org/juridico/spanish/gapeca_sp_docs_bol1.pdf
BotsWAnA Criminal Code http://www.laws.gov.bw/
BrAziL Criminal Code http://www.amperj.org.br/store/legislacao/codigos/cp_DL2848.pdf
BULgAriA Criminal Code http://www.cyberlawdb.com/docs/bulgaria/bulgaria.pdf
CAnAdA Bill S-4, 2009 http://www2.parl.gc.ca/content/hoc/Bills/402/Government/S-4/ S-4_4/S-4_4.PDF
ChiLe Law No. 19223 http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=30590&buscar=19.223
ChinA Criminal Code http://www.colaw.cn/findlaw/crime/criminallaw3.html
CoLomBiA Criminal Code and Law No. 1273/2009
http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/colombia/doc/penal.html http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley/ 2009/ ley_1273_2009.html
CostA riCA Law No. 4573 http://www.pgr.go.cr/scij/scripts/TextoCompleto.dll?Texto&nNorm a=47430&nVersion=50318&nTamanoLetra=10&strWebNorm ativa=http://www.pgr.go.cr/scij/&strODBC=DSN=SCIJ_NRM;UID =sa;PWD=scij;DATABASE=SCIJ_NRM;&strServidor=\\pgr04&str Unidad=D:&strJavaScript=NO
CroAtiA Criminal Code http://www.cyberlawdb.com/docs/croatia/croatia.pdf
CyprUs Law No. 22(III)04 http://www.cyberlawdb.com/docs/cyprus/cyprus.pdf
CzeCh repUBLiC
Criminal Code, and Criminal Procedure Code
http://www.cyberlawdb.com/docs/czech/czech.pdf
eCUAdor Criminal Code http://www.miliarium.com/Paginas/Leyes/Internacional/Ecuador/ General/cp.pdf
estoniA Criminal Code http://www.crime-research.org/library/Criminal_Codes.html
FrAnCe Criminal Code, and Law No. 88-19/88
http://www.crime-research.org/articles/cybercrime-in-france- overview/2
germAny Federal Data Protection Act
Country Legislation source
georgiA Criminal Code http://www.crime-research.org/library/Criminal_Codes.html
hUngAry Act No. LXIII of 1992 http://abiweb.obh.hu/adatved/indexek/AVTV-EN.htm
indiA The Information Technology Act, 2008
http://cybercrime.planetindia.net/it-act-2008.htm
isrAeL The Computers Law of 1995
http://www.cybercrimelaw.net/Israel.html
itALy Criminal Code http://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Codice_penale/Libro_II
http://guide.supereva.it/diritto/interventi/2001/04/39144.shtml http://www.cyberlawdb.com/docs/italy/italy.pdf
indonesiA Criminal Code http://www.cyberlawdb.com/docs/indonesia/indonesia.pdf
ireLAnd Criminal Justice Act, 2001
http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2001/en/act/pub/0050/print.html
JAmAiCA The Interception of Communications Act
http://www.cyberlawdb.com/docs/jamaica/intercep_commun.pdf
JApAn Criminal Code, and Law No. 128/99
http://www.npa.go.jp/english/kokusai9/White_Paper_2009_4.pdf