The principal fuels used are gas, oil, coal, wood pro- ducts, and electricity as a source of heat.
4.01
GAS— NATURAL, MANUFACTURED,
MIXED
Gas used for fuel may be in the form of natural, manu- factured, mixed, or liquefied petroleum gas. Natural, man- ufactured, and mixed gases are normally distributed through underground piping. They require no storage facilities.
Heating values of these gases in Btu per cubic feet (MJ/m3) are:
Low High
Natural gas 950 (35.4) 1150 (42.9) Manufactured gas 350 (13.0) 600 (22.4) Mixed gas 600 (22.4) 800 (29.8)
4.02
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
Liquefied petroleum gas is normally stored in tanks at high pressure so that it will be in a liquid state. Storage may be either above or below ground, with storage and handling requirements in accordance with NFPA Pamph- let #58 and local regulations. The liquefied fuel is reduced in pressure and its state is changed to a gas at the re- quired pressure for the burner. Propane or butane gas has a heating value of 2,500 Btu/ft3to 3,300 Btu/ft3 (93.2 MJ/m3to 123.0 MJ/m3).Modification of the fuel burning equipment is necessary when changing from liquefied petroleum gas to other gases or from other gases to liquefied petroleum gas.
4.03
FUEL OILS
Fuel oils are graded in accordance with specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials. Oils are classified by their viscosities. Other characteristics of fuel oils that determine their grade, classification, and suitability for given uses are the flash point, pour point, water and sediment content, sulphur content, ash, and distillation characteristics. Fuel oils are prepared for com- bustion in most low‐pressure boiler burners by atomiza- tion (spraying). The types of atomization commonly used are: high‐pressure mechanical atomization, low‐pressure mechanical atomization, centrifugal atomization (rotary cup), compressed air atomization, and steam atomization.
A. Grade Number 1. A light viscosity distillate oil in-
tended for vaporizing pot type burners. The heating value is approximately 135,000 Btu/gal (37 700 MJ/m3).
B. Grade Number 2. A distillate oil used for general
purpose heating. The heating value is approximately 138,000 Btu/gal (38 500 MJ/m3).
C. Grade Number 4. An oil heavier than Number 2
but not heavy enough to require preheating facilities. Be- cause the oil is no longer available in many locations as a straight run distillate, but is a mix of Number 2 and hea- vier oils, it may be necessary in northern climates to pro- vide tank heaters or small recirculating preheaters to insure delivery of the blended fuel to the burner. If the fuel is not blended properly, the Number 2 oil and the heavier oil may separate in time. Many dealers blend the two grades of oil in the tank truck while delivering to the location. This may result in physical separation of the two grades if they stand in the tank for any length of time. The heating value is approximately 147,000 Btu/gal (41 000 MJ/m3).
D. Grade Number 5. This grade has been divided into
hot Number 5 and cold Number 5. The“hot” grade re- quires preheating and the“cold” may be burned as is from the tank, but because of the increased demand for distil- late products, the residual oils may be lower in quality and may require preheating for good results. Sometimes Grade Number 5 is a mix of Number 2 and Number 6.
The usual heating value is approximately 152,000 Btu/gal (42 400 MJ/m3).
E. Grade Number 6. A residual type oil for use in bur-
ners equipped with recirculating preheaters. Number 6 fuel oil is sometimes referred to as Bunker C. The usual heating value is approximately 153,000 Btu/gal (42 700 MJ/m3).
F. Preheating Requirements. The correct tempera-
ture range must be used for each grade of preheated oil. Improper preheating may cause poor combustion, smoke, and high fuel consumption. The oil delivered to the bur- ner must be preheated to the temperature recommended by the burner manufacturer for the grade of fuel used.
4.04
COAL
Although automatic equipment for burning coal is not in common use, a brief treatment of coal is considered to be in order.
A. Anthracite Coal. Anthracite coal is dense, stone-
like in structure, and shiny black in color. Because of its hardness, it can be handled with little breakage. When ig- nited, it burns freely with a short, relatively smokeless flame and does not coke. It has very little volatile matter and is commonly referred to as hard coal. Semianthracite is not so hard as anthracite and is higher in volatile mat- ter. It is dark gray in color and of granular structure. Semianthracite swells considerably in size when burning, but it does not coke. Heating value of anthracite and semi- a n t h r a c i t e c o a l s , a s r e c e i v e d , i s 1 2 , 0 0 0 B t u / l b to 13,000 Btu/lb (27.9 MJ/kg to 30.2 MJ/kg).
B. Bituminous Coal. This classification covers a wide
range of coals, from the high grades found in the eastern part of the United States to the lower grades of the wes- tern part. Bituminous coal, commonly called soft coal, is the most extensively used of all coals. The various types of soft coal differ in composition, properties, and burning characteristics. Some are firm in structure and present no
handling problem, while others tend to break when handled. Bituminous coals ignite rather easily, and burn readily, usually with a long flame. Medium volatile and high volatile coals coke in the fire and smoke when impro- perly burned. The“as received” heating value of bitumi- nous coals vary from approximately 10,500 Btu/lb to 14,500 Btu/lb (24.4 MJ/kg to 33.7 MJ/kg).
4.05
ELECTRICITY
Although electricity is in itself not a fuel, it is used as a source of heat for heating boilers. The two general meth- ods of application are electrodes and immersed direct re- sistance elements. When electrodes are used, the boiler water serves as the heating element by offering resistance to the passage of current between the immersed elec- trodes. Direct resistance elements create heat by the re- sistance offered to the passage of electric current through the immersed element.