SAMPLE CHAPTER
17. Future of P&T
Japan, France and the US are the most active pursuers of partitioning and transmutation technologies. In addition, several international groups (NEA, IAEA, and the EC) are engaged in such studies. Each organization regularly publishes their progress, status and future activities. Many of these reports are available on the respective websites.
Appendix
Appendix: Additional Bibliography
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Glossary
A: Mass number, sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus.
ADS: Accelerator-driven system.
AFC: Advanced Fuel Cycle.
AFCI: Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative.
AHA: Acetohydroxamic acid, complexing agent used in the UREX process to suppress the extraction of plutonium.
ALMR: Advanced Liquid Metal Reactor.
ANL: Argonne National Laboratory.
Bq: Abbreviation for Becquerel, the SI derived unit for radioactivity
defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one atom decays per second (s-1).
BRC: Below regulatory concern or de minimis refers to material containing very low concentrations of radioactivity such that the associated radiological hazards are generally considered to be
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negligible since they are less than for naturally-occurring radioactivity.
Breeder reactor: A nuclear reactor that produces more fissile nuclear fuel that it consumes.
BWR: Boiling water reactor.
CERN: Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Organization for Nuclear Research) - World’s largest particle physics laboratory located near Geneva on the border between France and Switzerland.
CSEX: Chemical process designed to selectively extract cesium.
Cooling time: The amount of time spent nuclear fuel is allowed to decay in pools of water before handling for the purpose of chemical reprocessing or dry storage.
Decommissioning of a nuclear reactor:
Involves removing the spent fuel (the fuel that has been in the reactor vessel), dismantling any systems or components containing activation products (such as the reactor vessel and primary loop), and cleaning up or dismantling contaminated materials from the facility.
DIAMEX: Extraction process for improved separation of actinide from acidic solutions using bifunctional diamides.
EBR-II: Experimental Breeder Reactor – II.
EC: European Community.
eV: Electron volt.
EW: Exempt waste – waste that is identified as below regulatory
concern or de minimis.
Fissile nuclear fuel: Fuel that can be easily made to undergo the nuclear fission
reaction.
FBRs: Fast Breeder Reactors – reactors that breed new fuel using fast neutrons.
FR-MOX: Fast reactor mixed oxide fuel.
GFR: Gas-cooled fast reactor.
GIF: Generation IV International Forum for Nuclear Energy Cooperation.
Greenhouse Gas: Gases in the atmosphere that absorb light radiated from the earth’s surface and lead to global warming.
GWe: Gigawatts of electrical energy.
HLW: High-level waste.
Incineration: Term used interchangeably with transmutation.
IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency.
ILW: Intermediate level waste.
Isotopics: Distribution of isotopes such as in spent nuclear fuel.
keV: Kiloelectron volts.
LAMPRE: Los Alamos Molten Plutonium Reactor Experiment.
LANL: Los Alamos National Laboratory.
LFR: Lead-cooled fast reactor.
LLFP: Long-lived fission products.