Future development of methodology utilizing cranial non-metric traits

In reality cranial non-metric traits are not dichotomously expressed, and the generally accepted model for non-metric trait expression is not a single locus model. The Threshold model acknowledges the polygenic nature of potential non-metric trait expression. Being polygenic, most cranial non-metric traits have a continuum of expression. By collapsing trait scores into a present/absent system data about population variation is being lost. In the future distance

analyses using polychoric correlations which do not require trait scores to be collapsed should be explored.

The Relethford-Blangero model (Relethford and Blangero, 1990) has been recognized for its usefulness in evaluating patterned gene flow using relative genetic heterogeneity within and between populations. The model was developed for continuous genetic locus data and has not yet been successfully applied to categorical data like cranial non-metrics (though some have attempted to, for example Schillaci et al. 2009). Konigsberg and Herrmann (2002) provide a method that could be used to estimate a normal distribution from trait threshold values. This would essentially estimate the Threshold model for trait expression and provide the continuous data needed to apply the Relethford-Blangero model to non-metric trait data. Clearly the particulars of this approach have not been worked out. However, this methodological approach has the potential to provide much more powerful and accurate picture of population genetic relationships than existing methodological approaches.

The utility of the Mosaic model as a social theoretical framework for the interpretation of both archaeological and genetic patterns in ancient populations was demonstrated by this study. Patterns in biological affinity and gene flow between populations sampled in this project support several hypotheses about imperialism, local resistance, and regional specificity with respect to

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the Wari empire. Though this adds to the body of anthropological knowledge, it is clear that much more research is needed to fully understand variability in the process of imperialism.

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