Since the penetration of RESs continues to increase in the electricity grid, some interesting research questions that could not be investigated in this thesis are discussed and formulated here as inspiration for future studies in mainly two aspects: modelling and computation.
Modelling
• Models for OPF and SCOPF considering uncertainties should be further devel-oped. Control strategies of multiple MGs should be investigated. It might be valuable to study and develop a concept of operational flexibility [106] to evaluate the capability of MGs to participate in system operations and the electricity market.
• Models of high or 100% power electronics-based grid with small or no inertia need to be studied. An MG is a good candidate for a heavy inverter-based grid, which features high penetration of renewable sources and distributed generators, as well as low inertia. A plug-and-play feature [107] with its enabler controller design and granular integration into the grid might change the basic structure of the electricity grid operation.
• Since there are few meshed MTDC systems in operation now, it would be of great value to further investigate detailed models. This includes different converters, losses models, droop control strategies and different operation schemes.
Computation
• Relaxation and approximation could be applied to reduce the complexity of calcu-lating the SCOPF under uncertainties, apart from linearisation.
• Data-driven optimisation [108, 109], online algorithms [110] and machine learn-ing [111–113] could be more suitable techniques to deal with uncertainties brought by renewable sources with advanced development in computation and communication technologies.
List of Publication
Journal paper
[1 ] W. Zhang, J. Li, G. Chen, Z. Y. Dong, and K. P. Wong. A comprehensive model with fast solver for optimal energy scheduling in rtp environment. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, PP(99):1–10, 2016.
[2 ] W. Zhang, Y. Xu, Z. Dong, and K. P. Wong. Robust security-constrained optimal power flow using multiple microgrids for corrective control under uncertainty. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, PP(99):1–1, 2016.
[3 ] W. Zhang, Y. Xu, K. Meng, and Z. Y. Dong. SCOPF using multi-microgrids for corrective control in energy internet. Southern Power System Technology, PP(8):67–73, 2016.
[4 ] K. Meng, W. Zhang, Y. Li, Z. Y. Dong, Z. Xu, K. P. Wong, and Y. Zheng. [submitted]
Hierarchical scopf considering wind energy integration through multi-terminal vsc-hvdc grids. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2016(submitted).
[5 ] B. Zeng, C. Li, G. Chen, and W. Zhang. Verhulst model of interval grey number based on information decomposing and model combination. Journal of Applied Mathematics, 2013.
Conference paper
[1 ] W. Zhang, Yan Xu, Zhao Yang Dong, Yijia Wang, and Rui Zhang. An efficient approach for robust scopf considering load and renewable power uncertainties. In 2016 Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC), pages 1–7, June 2016.
[2 ] W. Zhang, G. Chen, Z. Dong, J. Li, and Z. Wu. An efficient algorithm for optimal re-altime pricing strategy in smart grid. In 2014 IEEE PES General Meeting | Conference Exposition, pages 1–5, July 2014.
[3 ] W. Zhang, X. Yan, Z. Y. Dong, K. Meng, and R. Zhang. Robust opf considering load and renewable power uncertainties in multi-terminal hvdc grids. In 2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC),pages 24–27, Oct 2016.
[4 ] W. Zhang, G. Chen, and Z. Y. Dong. Demand side management given distributed generation and storage: A comparison for different pricing and regulation scenarios.
In 10th International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation &
Management, pages 29–34, November 2015.
[5 ] W. Zhang, G. Chen, Y. Su, Z. Dong, and J. Li. A dynamic game behavior: Demand side management based on utility maximization with renewable energy and storage in-tegration. In 2014 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), pages 1–5, Sept 2014.
[6 ] R. Zhang, Y. Xu, W. Zhang, Z. Y. Dong, and Yu Zheng. Impact of dynamic load models on transient stability-constrained optimal power flow. In 2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), pages 18–23, Oct 2016.
[7 ] Z. Wang, W. Zhang, L. Zhang, G. Chen, Z. Dong, and T. Huang. Impact of different penetrations of renewable sources and demand side management on australian future grid. In 2015 First Workshop on Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (SGRE), pages 1–6, March 2015.
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Convergence analysis of the FDDGA used in Chapter 5
Convergence analysis
In this section, the convergence analysis of the FDDGA introduced in Chapter 5 is provided.
Firstly, denote eλt∗ as the unique optimal solution of the proposed twice smoothed dual problem (5.30) and λt∗as an optimal solution of the dual problem (5.24). Then it gives:
Firstly, denote eλt∗ as the unique optimal solution of the proposed twice smoothed dual problem (5.30) and λt∗as an optimal solution of the dual problem (5.24). Then it gives: