There are numerous future research themes still required before Internet-interventions can be integrated into clinical care. One is to identify for whom these Internet interventions are most suitable. To date, there are no established predictors for outcomes of guided iCBT (Andersson and Hedman, 2013).
Although support within Internet interventions both from health professionals and peers with tinnitus is important, the optimal way to provide support requires further attention. The degree and form of guidance required still needs to be established.
Factors aiding implementation of Internet-based interventions will also strengthen implementation of new interventions. One challenge is keeping up with the dynamic nature of the field by continually updating these interventions according to advances in the research. Perhaps the greatest research challenge is identifying factors that can aid acceptability and credibility of these interventions by health professionals and stakeholders. It is also important to ensure that end-users value these services and are satisfied with what they offer.
CONCLUSION
Much potential exists for tele-audiology. One form of tele-audiology, namely an Internet-based intervention for tinnitus has been discussed. The process from development to implementation is outlined and a framework is provided that can be used by those interested in further developing tele-audiology, an area filled with potential.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are grateful to the British Society of Audiology for funding the effectiveness trial in the UK. We would like to thank Linköping University, Anglia Ruskin University, Lamar University and the University of Nottingham for supporting work related developing Internet-Interventions for Tinnitus. We thank George Vlaescu for his expertise in web design and technical support.
DISCLAIMER
The involvement of the authors was supported by their institutions, Anglia Ruskin University, Lamar University, Linköping University, National Institute of Health Research, but the views expressed are made by the authors and do not represent those of these institutions nor the UK Department of Health. These organisations had no role in the approval or preparation of this chapter.
REFERENCES
Abbott, J. M., Kaldo, V., Klein, B., Austin, D., Hamilton, C., Piterman, L., ...
Andersson, G. (2009). A cluster randomised trial of an internet-based intervention program for tinnitus distress in an industrial setting. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38(3), 162–173. doi:10.1080/16506070902763174 PMID:19675959
Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M. (1999). How to randomise. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 319(7211), 703–704. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7211.703 PMID:10480833 Andersson, G. (2002). Psychological aspects of tinnitus and the application of cognitive–behavioral therapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(7), 977–990.
doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00124-6 PMID:12238249
Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Berger, T., Almlöv, J., & Cuijpers, P. (2009). What makes internet therapy work? Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38(sup1S1), 55–60.
doi:10.1080/16506070902916400 PMID:19675956
Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Ljótsson, B., & Hedman, E. (2013). Guided internet-based CBT for common mental disorders. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 43(4), 223–233. doi:10.100710879-013-9237-9
Andersson, G., Estling, F., Jakobsson, E., Cuijpers, P., & Carlbring, P. (2011). Can the patient decide which modules to endorse? an open trial of tailored internet treatment of anxiety disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40(1), 57–64. doi:1 0.1080/16506073.2010.529457 PMID:21337215
Andersson, G., & Hedman, E. (2013). Effectiveness of guided internet-based cognitive behavior therapy in regular clinical settings. Verhaltenstherapie, 23(3), 140–148. doi:10.1159/000354779
Andersson, G., & Kaldo, V. (2004). Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for tinnitus. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60(2), 171–178. doi:10.1002/jclp.10243 PMID:14724924
Andersson, G., Paxling, B., Wiwe, M., Vernmark, K., Felix, C. B., Lundborg, L., ... Carlbring, P. (2012). Therapeutic alliance in guided internet-delivered cognitive behavioural treatment of depression, generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(9), 544–550. doi:10.1016/j.
brat.2012.05.003 PMID:22728647
Andersson, G., Strömgren, T., Ström, L., & Lyttkens, L. (2002). Randomized controlled trial of internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for distress associated with tinnitus. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(5), 810–816. PMID:12271112
Andersson, G., & Titov, N. (2014). Advantages and limitations of internet‐based interventions for common mental disorders. World Psychiatry; Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 13(1), 4–11. doi:10.1002/wps.20083 PMID:24497236
Andrews, G., & Williams, A. D. (2015). Up-scaling clinician assisted internet cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) for depression: A model for dissemination into primary care. Clinical Psychology Review, 41, 40–48. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.05.006 PMID:25043445
Arnberg, F. K., Linton, S. J., Hultcrantz, M., Heintz, E., & Jonsson, U. (2014).
Internet-delivered psychological treatments for mood and anxiety disorders: A systematic review of their efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness. PLoS One, 9(5), e98118. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098118 PMID:24844847
Baguley, D., Andersson, G., McFerran, D., & McKenna, L. (2013). A multidisciplinary synthesis. Tinnitus: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 221-224.
Barak, A., Klein, B., & Proudfoot, J. G. (2009). Defining internet-supported therapeutic interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 38(1), 4–17. doi:10.100712160-009-9130-7 PMID:19787305
Baranowski, T., & Stables, G. (2000). Process evaluations of the 5-a-day projects.
Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 27(2), 157–166. doi:10.1177/109019810002700202 PMID:10768797 Baumeister, H., Reichler, L., Munzinger, M., & Lin, J. (2014). The impact of guidance on internet-based mental health interventions—A systematic review.
Internet Interventions, 1(4), 205–215. doi:10.1016/j.invent.2014.08.003
Bendelin, N., Hesser, H., Dahl, J., Carlbring, P., Nelson, K. Z., & Andersson, G.
(2011). Experiences of guided internet-based cognitive-behavioural treatment for depression: A qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry, 11(1), 107. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-11-107 PMID:21718523
Bennett, K., Bennett, A. J., & Griffiths, K. M. (2010). Security considerations for e-mental health interventions. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12(5), e61.
doi:10.2196/jmir.1468 PMID:21169173
Beukes, E. W., Allen, P. A., Baguley, D. M., Manchaiah, V., & Andersson, G.
(2018a). Long-term efficacy of audiologist-guided internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for tinnitus. American Journal of Audiology, 27(3S). doi:10.1044/2018_AJA-IMIA3-18-0004
Beukes, E. W., Allen, P. M., Manchaiah, V., Baguley, D. M., & Andersson, G.
(2017b). Internet-based intervention for tinnitus: Outcome of a single-group open trial. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 28(4), 340–351. doi:10.3766/
jaaa.16055 PMID:28418328
Beukes, E. W., Andersson, G., Allen, P., Manchaiah, V., & Baguley, D. M. (2018).
Effectiveness of Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Face-to-Face Clinical Care for Treatment of TinnitusA Randomized Clinical Trial.
JAMA Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery. Published online October 04, 2018.
doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2018.2238
Beukes, E. W., Baguley, D. M., Allen, P. M., Manchaiah, V., & Andersson, G.
(2017c). Audiologist-guided internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for adults with tinnitus in the United Kingdom: A randomized controlled trial. Ear and Hearing, 39, 423–433. doi:10.1097/AUD.0000000000000505 PMID:29095725
Beukes, E. W., Manchaiah, V., Andersson, G., Allen, P. M., Terlizzi, P. M., &
Baguley, D. M. (2017a). Situationally influenced tinnitus coping strategies: A mixed methods approach. Disability and Rehabilitation, 1–11. doi:10.1080/09638288.20 17.1362708 PMID:28793790
Beukes, E. W., Manchaiah, V., Baguley, D. M., Allen, P. M., & Andersson, G.
(2017). Process evaluation of internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for adults with tinnitus in the context of a randomised control trial. International Journal of Audiology, 57(2), 98–109. doi:10.1080/14992027.2017.1384858 PMID:28990807 Beukes, E. W., Vlaescu, G., Manchaiah, V., Baguley, D. M., Allen, P. M., Kaldo, V.,
& Andersson, G. (2016). Development and technical functionality of an internet-based intervention for tinnitus in the UK. Internet Interventions, 6, 6–15. doi:10.1016/j.
invent.2016.08.002 PMID:30135809
Bhatt, J. M., Lin, H. W., & Bhattacharyya, N. (2016). Prevalence, severity, exposures, and treatment patterns of tinnitus in the United States. JAMA Otolaryngology-Head
& Neck Surgery, 142(10), 959–965. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2016.1700 PMID:27441392 Campbell, M., Fitzpatrick, R., Haines, A., & Kinmonth, A. L. (2000). Framework for design and evaluation of complex interventions to improve health. British Medical Journal, 321(7262), 694–696. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7262.694 PMID:10987780 Chiang, L., Chen, W., Dai, Y., & Ho, Y. (2012). The effectiveness of telehealth care on caregiver burden, mastery of stress, and family function among family caregivers of heart failure patients: A quasi-experimental study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49(10), 1230–1242. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.04.013 PMID:22633448
Chiauzzi, E., Rodarte, C., & DasMahapatra, P. (2015). Patient-centered activity monitoring in the self-management of chronic health conditions. BMC Medicine, 13(1), 77. doi:10.118612916-015-0319-2 PMID:25889598
Cima, R., Joore, M., Maes, I., Scheyen, D., Refaie, A. E., Baguley, D. M., Vlaeyen, J.W., & Anteunis, L. (2009). Cost-effectiveness of multidisciplinary management of tinnitus at a specialized tinnitus centre. BMC Health Services Research, 9, 29-6963-9-29.
Cima, R. F., Vlaeyen, J. W., Maes, I. H., Joore, M. A., & Anteunis, L. J. (2011).
Tinnitus interferes with daily life activities: A psychometric examination of the tinnitus disability index. Ear and Hearing, 32(5), 623–633. doi:10.1097/
AUD.0b013e31820dd411 PMID:21336139
Cochrane, A. (1972). Effectiveness and efficiency: Random reflections on health services. London: Academic Press.
Craig, P., Dieppe, P., Macintyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I., Petticrew, M., &
Medical Research Council Guidance. (2008). Developing and evaluating complex interventions: The new medical research council guidance. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 337.
Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., & Andersson, G. (2008). Internet-administered cognitive behavior therapy for health problems: A systematic review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31(2), 169–177. doi:10.100710865-007-9144-1 PMID:18165893 Davis, A., & Rafaie, E. A. (2000). Epidemiology of tinnitus. Tinnitus Handbook,, 1-23.
Day, S. X., & Schneider, P. L. (2002). Psychotherapy using distance technology:
A comparison of face-to-face, video, and audio treatment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(4), 499–503. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.49.4.499
Donkin, L., & Glozier, N. (2012). Motivators and motivations to persist with online psychological interventions: A qualitative study of treatment completers. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14(3), e91. doi:10.2196/jmir.2100 PMID:22743581 Eikelboom, R. H., & Swanepoel, D. W. (2016). International survey of audiologists’
attitudes toward telehealth. American Journal of Audiology, 25(3S), 295–298.
doi:10.1044/2016_AJA-16-0004 PMID:27768191
Eldridge, S. M., Lancaster, G. A., Campbell, M. J., Thabane, L., Hopewell, S., Coleman, C. L., & Bond, C. M. (2016). Defining feasibility and pilot studies in preparation for randomised controlled trials: Development of a conceptual framework.
PLoS One, 11(3), e0150205. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150205 PMID:26978655 Elgoyhen, A. B., Langguth, B., De Ridder, D., & Vanneste, S. (2015). Tinnitus:
Perspectives from human neuroimaging. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience.
Ferguson, M., & Henshaw, H. (2015). Computer and internet interventions to optimize listening and learning for people with hearing loss: Accessibility, use, and adherence. [PubMed]. American Journal of Audiology, 24(3), 338–343.
doi:10.1044/2015_AJA-14-0090
Gander, P. E., Hoare, D. J., Collins, L., Smith, S., & Hall, D. A. (2011). Tinnitus referral pathways within the national health service in England: A survey of their perceived effectiveness among audiology staff. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 1. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-11-162 PMID:21733188
Glasgow, R. E., Lichtenstein, E., & Marcus, A. C. (2003). Why don’t we see more translation of health promotion research to practice? rethinking the efficacy-to-effectiveness transition. American Journal of Public Health, 93(8), 1261–1267.
doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.8.1261 PMID:12893608
Glasgow, R. E., Vogt, T. M., & Boles, S. M. (1999). Evaluating the public health impact of health promotion interventions: The RE-AIM framework. American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1322–1327. doi:10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1322 PMID:10474547 Greenwell, K., Featherstone, D., & Hoare, D. J. (2015). The application of intervention coding methodology to describe the tinnitus e-programme, an internet-delivered self-help intervention for tinnitus. American Journal of Audiology, 24(3), 311–315.
PMID:26649537
Grewal, R., Spielmann, P., Jones, S., & Hussain, S. (2014). Clinical efficacy of tinnitus retraining therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy in the treatment of subjective tinnitus: A systematic review. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology, 128(12), 1028–1033. doi:10.1017/S0022215114002849 PMID:25417546
Griffiths, F., Lindenmeyer, A., Powell, J., Lowe, P., & Thorogood, M. (2006). Why are health care interventions delivered over the internet? A systematic review of the published literature. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 8(2), e10. doi:10.2196/
jmir.8.2.e10 PMID:16867965
Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2007). Internet‐based mental health programs:
A powerful tool in the rural medical kit. The Australian Journal of Rural Health, 15(2), 81–87. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1584.2007.00859.x PMID:17441815
Grimshaw, J. M., Eccles, M. P., Lavis, J. N., Hill, S. J., & Squires, J. E. (2012).
Knowledge translation of research findings. Implementation Science; IS, 7(1), 1.
doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-50 PMID:22651257
Grol, R. (2001). Successes and failures in the implementation of evidence-based guidelines for clinical practice. Medical Care, 39(8), II-46–II-54. PMID:11583121 Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Thompson, M. J., Klein, B., & Austin, D. W. (2012).
Dissemination of therapist-assisted internet cognitive behaviour therapy: Development and open pilot study of a workshop. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41(3), 230–240.
doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.645550 PMID:22428582
Hall, D. A., Fackrell, K., Li, A. B., Thavayogan, R., Smith, S., Kennedy, V., ...
Haider, H. F. (2018). A narrative synthesis of research evidence for tinnitus-related complaints as reported by patients and their significant others. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16(1), 61. doi:10.118612955-018-0888-9 PMID:29642913 Hall, D. A., Láinez, M. J., Newman, C. W., Sanchez, T. G., Egler, M., Tennigkeit, F., ... Langguth, B. (2011). Treatment options for subjective tinnitus: Self reports from a sample of general practitioners and ENT physicians within Europe and the USA. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 302. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-11-302 PMID:22053947
Hallam, R., Rachman, S., & Hinchcliffe, R. (1984). Psychological aspects of tinnitus.
Contributions to Medical Psychology, 3, 31–53.
Harvey, G., & Kitson, A. (2015). Translating evidence into healthcare policy and practice: Single versus multi-faceted implementation strategies–is there a simple answer to a complex question? International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 4(3), 123–126. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.54 PMID:25774368 Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996).
Experiential avoidance and behavioural disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152–1168. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152 PMID:8991302
Hedman, E., El Alaoui, S., Lindefors, N., Andersson, E., Rück, C., Ghaderi, A., ... Ljótsson, B. (2014). Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of internet-vs.
group-based cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: 4-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 59, 20–29. doi:10.1016/j.
brat.2014.05.010 PMID:24949908
Heinrich, S., Rozental, A., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., Cotter, K., & Weise, C.
(2016). Treating tinnitus distress via the internet: A mixed methods approach of what makes patients seek help and stay motivated during internet-based cognitive behavior therapy. Internet Interventions, 4, 120–130. doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.04.001 PMID:30135798
Henry, J. L., & Wilson, P. H. (2001). The psychological management of chronic tinnitus: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Allyn & Bacon.
Hesser, H., Weise, C., Westin, V. Z., & Andersson, G. (2011). A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive–behavioral therapy for tinnitus distress. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(4), 545–553. doi:10.1016/j.
cpr.2010.12.006 PMID:21237544
Hill, J. W., & Powell, P. (2009). The national healthcare crisis: Is eHealth a key solution? Business Horizons, 52(3), 265–277. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.01.006 Hoare, D. J., Kowalkowski, V. L., Kang, S., & Hall, D. A. (2011). Systematic review and meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials examining tinnitus management.
The Laryngoscope, 121(7), 1555–1564. doi:10.1002/lary.21825 PMID:21671234 James, J. A. (2013). Patient engagement: People actively involved in their health and health care tend to have better outcomes--and, some evidence suggests, lower costs. Project HOPE.
Jasper, K., Weise, C., Conrad, I., Andersson, G., Hiller, W., & Kleinstaeuber, M.
(2014). Internet- based guided self-help versus group cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic tinnitus: A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(4), 234–246. doi:10.1159/000360705 PMID:24970708
Jastreboff, M. M. (2007). Sound therapies for tinnitus management. Progress in Brain Research, 166, 435–440. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(07)66042-7 PMID:17956808 Johansson, R., & Andersson, G. (2012). Internet-based psychological treatments for depression. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 12(7), 861–870. doi:10.1586/
ern.12.63 PMID:22853793
Kaldo, V., Cars, S., Rahnert, M., Larsen, H. C., & Andersson, G. (2007). Use of a self-help book with weekly therapist contact to reduce tinnitus distress: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 63(2), 195–202. doi:10.1016/j.
jpsychores.2007.04.007 PMID:17662757
Kaldo, V., Haak, T., Buhrman, M., Alfonsson, S., Larsen, H., & Andersson, G. (2013).
Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for tinnitus patients delivered in a regular clinical setting: Outcome and analysis of treatment dropout. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42(2), 146–158. doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.769622 PMID:23432207 Kaldo, V., Levin, S., Widarsson, J., Buhrman, M., Larsen, H. C., & Andersson, G.
(2008). Internet versus group cognitive-behavioral treatment of distress associated with tinnitus: A randomized controlled trial. Behavior Therapy, 39(4), 348–359.
doi:10.1016/j.beth.2007.10.003 PMID:19027431
Kaldo-Sandström, V., Larsen, H. C., & Andersson, G. (2004). Internet- based cognitive-behavioral self-help treatment of tinnitus: Clinical effectiveness and predictors of outcome. American Journal of Audiology, 13(2), 185–192.
doi:10.1044/1059-0889(2004/023) PMID:15903144
Kaltenthaler, E., Sutcliffe, P., Parry, G., Beverley, C., Rees, A., & Ferriter, M.
(2008). The acceptability to patients of computerized cognitive behaviour therapy for depression: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 38(11), 1521–1530.
doi:10.1017/S0033291707002607 PMID:18205964
Kaplan, K., Salzer, M. S., Solomon, P., Brusilovskiy, E., & Cousounis, P. (2011).
Internet peer support for individuals with psychiatric disabilities: A randomized controlled trial. Social Science & Medicine, 72(1), 54–62. doi:10.1016/j.
socscimed.2010.09.037 PMID:21112682
Khedr, E. M., Ahmed, M. A., Shawky, O. A., Mohamed, E. S., El Attar, G. S., &
Mohammad, K. A. (2010). Epidemiological study of chronic tinnitus in Assiut, Egypt. Neuroepidemiology, 35(1), 45–52. doi:10.1159/000306630 PMID:20389124 Kreuter, M. W., Strecher, V. J., & Glassman, B. (1999). One size does not fit all: The case for tailoring print materials. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 21(4), 276–283.
doi:10.1007/BF02895958 PMID:10721433
Landgrebe, M., Azevedo, A., Baguley, D., Bauer, C., Cacace, A., Coelho, C., ...
Langguth, B. (2012). Methodological aspects of clinical trials in tinnitus: A proposal for an international standard. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 73(2), 112–121.
doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.05.002 PMID:22789414
Langguth, B. (2011). A review of tinnitus symptoms beyond ‘ringing in the ears’:
A call to action. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 27(8), 1635–1643. doi:1 0.1185/03007995.2011.595781 PMID:21699365
Laplante-Lévesque, A., Brännström, K. J., Andersson, G., & Lunner, T. (2012).
Quality and readability of English-language internet information for adults with hearing impairment and their significant others. International Journal of Audiology, 51(8), 618–626. doi:10.3109/14992027.2012.684406 PMID:22731921
Lustria, M. L. A., Noar, S. M., Cortese, J., Van Stee, S. K., Glueckauf, R. L., &
Lee, J. (2013). A meta-analysis of web-delivered tailored health behavior change interventions. Journal of Health Communication, 18(9), 1039–1069. doi:10.1080/
10810730.2013.768727 PMID:23750972
Lutz, W. (2003). Efficacy, effectiveness, and expected treatment response in psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(7), 745–750. doi:10.1002/
jclp.10169 PMID:12808581
Manchaiah, V., Danermark, B., Ronnberg, J., & Lunner, T. (2014). Importance of “process evaluation” in audiological rehabilitation: Examples from studies on hearing impairment. International Journal of Otolaryngology, 2014, 168684.
doi:10.1155/2014/168684 PMID:25276135
Martinez, C., Wallenhorst, C., McFerran, D., & Hall, D. A. (2015). Incidence rates of clinically significant tinnitus: 10-year trend from a cohort study in England. Ear and Hearing, 36(3), e69–e75. doi:10.1097/AUD.0000000000000121 PMID:25470370 McFerran, D., Hoare, D. J., Carr, S., Ray, J., & Stockdale, D. (2018). Tinnitus services in the united kingdom: A survey of patient experiences. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 110. doi:10.118612913-018-2914-3 PMID:29433479 Michikawa, T., Nishiwaki, Y., Kikuchi, Y., Saito, H., Mizutari, K., Okamoto, M., & Takebayashi, T. (2010). Prevalence and factors associated with tinnitus: A community-based study of japanese elders. Journal of Epidemiology, 20(4), 271–276.
doi:10.2188/jea.JE20090121 PMID:20501961
Moore, G., Audrey, S., Barker, M., Bond, L., Bonell, C., Hardeman, W., … & Baird, J. (2015). Process evaluation of complex interventions. Complex Interventions in Health: An Overview of Research Methods, 222 - 231.
Morrison, L. G., Yardley, L., Powell, J., & Michie, S. (2012). What design features are used in effective e-health interventions? A review using techniques from critical interpretive synthesis. Telemedicine Journal and e-Health, 18(2), 137–144.
doi:10.1089/tmj.2011.0062 PMID:22381060
Muñoz, R. F. (2010). Using evidence-based internet interventions to reduce health disparities worldwide. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12(5), e60. doi:10.2196/
jmir.1463 PMID:21169162
Musiat, P., Goldstone, P., & Tarrier, N. (2014). Understanding the acceptability of e-mental health-attitudes and expectations towards computerised self-help treatments for mental health problems. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 109. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-109 PMID:24725765
Nyenhuis, N., Golm, D., & Kröner-Herwig, B. (2013). A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of self-help interventions in tinnitus. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42(2), 159–169. doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.803496 PMID:23777192 Nyenhuis, N., Zastrutzki, S., Weise, C., Jäger, B., & Kröner-Herwig, B. (2013). The efficacy of minimal contact interventions for acute tinnitus: A randomised controlled study. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42(2), 127–138. doi:10.1080/16506073.201 2.655305 PMID:22413736
Palmqvist, B., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2007). Internet-delivered treatments with or without therapist input: Does the therapist factor have implications for efficacy and cost? Academic Press.
Păsărelu, C. R., Andersson, G., Bergman Nordgren, L., & Dobrean, A. (2017).
Internet-delivered transdiagnostic and tailored cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. [PubMed]. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 46(1), 1–28.
Paxling, B., Lundgren, S., Norman, A., Almlöv, J., Carlbring, P., Cuijpers, P., &
Andersson, G. (2013). Therapist behaviours in internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy: Analyses of e-mail correspondence in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 41(03), 280–289. doi:10.1017/
S1352465812000240 PMID:22717145
Perle, J. G., Langsam, L. C., Randel, A., Lutchman, S., Levine, A. B., Odland, A.
P., ... Marker, C. D. (2013). Attitudes toward psychological telehealth: Current and future clinical psychologists’ opinions of Internet‐Based interventions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 100–113. doi:10.1002/jclp.21912 PMID:22975897 Pflug, J. (2011). Contextuality and computer-mediated communication: A cross cultural comparison. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 131–137. doi:10.1016/j.
chb.2009.10.008
Piaggio, G., Elbourne, D. R., Pocock, S. J., Evans, S. J., Altman, D. G., & CONSORT Group. (2012). Reporting of noninferiority and equivalence randomized trials:
Extension of the CONSORT 2010 statement. Journal of the American Medical Association, 308(24), 2594–2604. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.87802 PMID:23268518 Pizer, S. D., & Prentice, J. C. (2011). What are the consequences of waiting for health care in the veteran population? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26(2), 676–682. doi:10.100711606-011-1819-1 PMID:21989621
Polisena, J., Coyle, D., Coyle, K., & McGill, S. (2009). Home telehealth for chronic disease management: A systematic review and an analysis of economic evaluations.
International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 25(3), 339–349.
doi:10.1017/S0266462309990201 PMID:19619353
Reavley, N. J., & Jorm, A. F. (2011). The quality of mental disorder information websites: A review. Patient Education and Counseling, 85(2), e16–e25. doi:10.1016/j.
pec.2010.10.015 PMID:21087837
Riach, E. (2003). The privacy and electronic communications directive. The New Law Journal, 1(7071), 379–380.
Ritter, P., Lorig, K., Laurent, D., & Matthews, K. (2004). Internet versus mailed questionnaires: A randomized comparison. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 6(3).
Saunders, R. P., Evans, M. H., & Joshi, P. (2005). Developing a process-evaluation plan for assessing health promotion program implementation: A how-to guide.
Health Promotion Practice, 6(2), 134-147.
Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement:
Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMC Medicine, 8(1), 18. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-18 PMID:20334633
Scott, K. M., Lim, C., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Bruffaerts, R., Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M., ... Kessler, R. C. (2016). Association of mental disorders with subsequent chronic physical conditions: World mental health surveys from 17 countries. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(2), 150–158. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2688 PMID:26719969 Shargorodsky, J., Curhan, G. C., & Farwell, W. R. (2010). Prevalence and characteristics of tinnitus among US adults. The American Journal of Medicine, 123(8), 711–718. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.02.015 PMID:20670725
Shore, J. H., Mishkind, M. C., Bernard, J., Doarn, C. R., Bell, I. Jr, Bhatla, R., ...
Vo, A. (2014). A lexicon of assessment and outcome measures for telemental health.
Telemedicine Journal and e-Health, 20(3), 282–292. doi:10.1089/tmj.2013.0357 PMID:24476192
Smith, P., McKeon, A., Blunt, I., & Edwards, N. (2014). NHS hospitals under pressure: Trends in acute activity up to 2022. London, UK: Nuffield Trust.
Stockdale, D., McFerran, D., Brazier, P., Pritchard, C., Kay, T., Dowrick, C., & Hoare, D. J. (2017). An economic evaluation of the healthcare cost of tinnitus management in the UK. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), 577. doi:10.118612913-017-2527-2 PMID:28830503
Thabane, L., Ma, J., Chu, R., Cheng, J., Ismaila, A., Rios, L. P., ... Goldsmith, C. H.
(2010a). A tutorial on pilot studies: The what, why and how. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 10(1), 1. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-10-1 PMID:20053272
Thompson, P., Pryce, H., & Refaie, E. (2011). Group or individual tinnitus therapy:
What matters to participants? Audiological Medicine, 9(3), 110–116. doi:10.3109 /1651386X.2011.604470
Thoren, E. S., Andersson, G., & Lunner, T. (2012). The use of research questionnaires with hearing impaired adults: Online vs. paper-and-pencil administration. BMC Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders, 12.
Thorén, E. S., Öberg, M., Wänström, G., Andersson, G., & Lunner, T. (2014). A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects of online rehabilitative intervention for adult hearing-aid users. International Journal of Audiology, 53(7), 452–461. do i:10.3109/14992027.2014.892643 PMID:24749664
Titov, N., Andrews, G., Davies, M., McIntyre, K., Robinson, E., & Solley, K.
(2010). Internet treatment for depression: A randomized controlled trial comparing clinician vs. technician assistance. PLoS One, 5(6), e10939. doi:10.1371/journal.
pone.0010939 PMID:20544030
Titov, N., Andrews, G., Schwencke, G., Solley, K., Johnston, L., & Robinson, E.
(2009). An RCT comparing effect of two types of support on severity of symptoms
(2009). An RCT comparing effect of two types of support on severity of symptoms