Fluid Extraction of Specialty Oils
3.4 FuTurE TrENdS
The literature reviewed in this chapter demonstrates the feasibility of using SC-CO2 for the recovery of specialty oils from a variety of plant materials. As shown, it is essential to study each plant material individually because the pretreatment of feed material and optimum extraction conditions are dependent on the structure and com- position of the specific plant material. The majority of these studies have been car-ried out at laboratory scale, and pilot-scale SC-CO2 extraction studies are lacking.
Even though some applications have already reached commercial scale, additional pilot-scale studies would provide important data necessary for scale-up and economic feasibility assessment. For SC-CO2 technology to be adopted more widely, its eco-nomic viability and advantages over conventional techniques must be proven for each application. Pilot-scale studies may show that despite initial high capital costs,
raw Material
Fatty acid Conent
C14:0 C16:0 C16:1 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C20:1 ref.
Carrot 0.4 16.6 1.8 1.8 11.6 60.1 4.9 0.4 197
Tomato 1.0b 1.5 0.6 69.0 5.8 1.3 — 11.4 206
1.2c 3.8 3.5 18.6 4.4 3.4 — 18.9 206
Myristic acid (C14:0), Palmitic acid (C16:0), Palmitoleic acid (C16:1), Stearic acid (C18:0), Oleic acid (C18:1), Linoleic acid (C18:2), Linolenic acid (C18:3), Eicosenoic acid (C20:1).
a wt %, bSeparation vessel 1, cSeparation vessel 2.
operating costs would be lower and the overall feasibility can be proven at certain scales of operation. In addition, supercritical technology allows the possibility of cou-pling an extraction operation with column fractionation under supercritical conditions to further concentrate the bioactive components of interest. As well, the residual meal following extraction of specialty oils can be evaluated for other high-value end uses since degradation of meal is minimized when SC-CO2 is used as the solvent. On the other hand, more research is needed to investigate the quality attributes of SC-CO2 -extracted specialty oils, such as oxidative stability, chemical composition, stability of bioactive components throughout extraction and storage, and the flavor profile and consumer acceptability of such oils. The advantages of SC-CO2 extraction over con-ventional solvent extraction need to be better communicated to consumers.
3.5 CONCluSIONS
Specialty oils are traditionally recovered by mechanical pressing or extraction using organic solvents. The disadvantages of these conventional techniques are the high level of residual oil in the pressed meal, undesirable solvent residue left in the product, and degradation of fat-soluble bioactive components. SC-CO2 extraction is a prom-ising technology that overcomes these disadvantages for the recovery of specialty oils rich in bioactive components such as carotenoids, PUFAs, squalene, sterols, and tocols from different plant sources. Extensive research carried out with a large variety of plant materials—such as nuts, seeds, cereals, fruits, and vegetables—has shown that SC-CO2 is effective in recovering specialty oils rich in bioactive compounds.
The extraction efficiency in terms of yield and recovery as well as the composition of specialty oils are affected by different factors, such as sample preparation (particle size and moisture content) and extraction parameters (temperature, pressure, solvent flow rate, extraction time, and use of a cosolvent). These parameters also have an impact on various quality attributes, such as color, flavor, and oxidative stability of the extracted oil and texture of the residual meal. In general, the color of the residual meal became lighter as more oil was removed because most of the pigments are fat solu-ble. SC-CO2 extraction produced superior oil with respect to oil acidity and peroxide value. However, more research on quality attributes like oxidative stability would be beneficial to better elucidate the effect of the use of SC-CO2 on the extraction of specialty oils. Ethanol has been used as a cosolvent in numerous studies to enhance the efficiency of extraction; however, the fact that additional heat treatment is needed to remove ethanol from the final product should not be overlooked because heat treat-ment can be detrimental to the sensitive bioactive components of interest.
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