• No results found

6. CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK

6.2. FUTURE WORK

1. Effect of elasticity on the static settling velocity should be investigated separately by using one set of fluid with similar viscosity and different elasticity and other set of fluid with similar elasticity and different elasticity using real proppants.

2. Effect of roundness and sphericity and specific gravity have been shown affecting the settling velocity but the effects are not quantified separately. 3. Effect of smooth fracture walls have been shown but the usage of rough fracture

walls might replicate the field condition better.

4. The analysis and validation of the correlation was based on the settling behaviour of single proppant whereas usage of concentration of the proppant will be more replicable to the field conditions.

5. Investigation of the effect of shape of shape of the proppant using real proppants and the smooth glass spheres.

110

REFERENCES

Acharya, A. R. 1986. Particle Transport in Viscous and Viscoelastic Fracturing Fluids. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/13179 PA.

Acharya, A. R. 1988. Viscoelasticity of Crosslinked Fracturing Fluids and Proppant Transport. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/15937-PA.

Acharya, A., Mashelkar, R.A. and Ulbrecht, J. 1976a. Flow of Inelastic and Viscoelastic Fluids Past a Sphere. Part 1: Drag Coefficient in Creeping and Boundary-Layer Flows. Rheologica Acta 15 (9): 454–470.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01530348.

Alcocer, C. F., Ghalambor, A., & Sweet, L. H. 1992. A Study Of Rheological Properties Of Non-Newtonian Fluids And Settling Behavior Of Ceramic Proppants Manufactured In Louisiana, USA. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/23727-MS.

Al-Muntasheri, G. A. 2014. A Critical Review of Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids over the Last Decade. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/169552-MS.

Alotaibi, M. A., & Miskimins, J. L. 2015. Slickwater Proppant Transport in Complex Fractures: New Experimental Findings and Scalable Correlation. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/174828-MS.

Arnipally, S. K., & Kuru, E. 2017. Settling Velocity of Particles in Viscoelastic Fluids: A Comparison of the Shear Viscosity vs Elasticity Effect. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/187255-MS.

Asadi, M., Shah, S. N., & Lord, D. L. 1999. Static/Dynamic Settling of Proppant in Non-Newtonian Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/52217-MS.

Asadi, M., Conway, M. W., & Barree, R. D. 2002. Zero Shear Viscosity Determination of Fracturing Fluids: An Essential Parameter In Proppant Transport Characterizations. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

doi:10.2118/73755-MS.

Asmolov, E. S. "The inertial lift on a small particle in weak-shear parabolic flow", Physics of Fluids, v. 14, No. 1, pp. 15, 2002.

Barati, R. and Liang, J. T. 2014. A Review of Fracturing Fluid Systems Used for Hydraulic Fracturing of Oil and Gas Wells. Article in Journal of Applied Polymer Science. doi: 10.1002/app.40735.

Cheng, N. S. (1997). "A simplified settling velocity formula for sediment particle. "Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 123(2), 149-152.

111 Chhabra, R.P. 2007. Bubbles, Drops and Particles in Non-Newtonian Fluids, second

edition, Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor & Francis.

Chien, S. F. 1994. Settling Velocity of Irregularly Shaped Particles. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/26121-PA.

Choi, S.K. 2008. pH Sensitive Polymers for Novel Conformance Control and Polymer Flooding Applications. PhD Thesis, University of Texas, Austin, USA.

Clark, P. E., Manning, F. S., Quadir, J. A., & Guler, N. 1981. Prop Transport in Vertical Fractures. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/10261-MS. Daneshy, A. A. 1978. Numerical Solution of Sand Transport in Hydraulic Fracturing.

Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/5636 PA

Economides, M.; Nolte, K. Reservoir Stimulation, NY and Chichester, 3rd ed. Wiley,

2000.

Ely, J.W. 1989. Fracturing Fluids and Additives. Vol. 12 of Recent Advances in Hydraulic Fracturing (SPE Henry L Doherty Monograph Series). SPE, Richardson, Texas.

EPA, U. (2004). Evaluation of Impacts to Underground Sources of Drinking Water by Hydraulic Fracturing of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs.

Ferry, J. D. 1970. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, second edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., USA.

Gandossi, L. 2013. An Overview of Hydraulic Fracturing and Other Formation Stimulation Technologies for Shale Gas Production. Report by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commision. doi: 10.2790/99937.

Goel, N., Shah, S. N. and Grady, B. P. 2002. Correlating Viscoelastic Measurements of Fracturing Fluid to Particle Suspension and Solids Transport. J. Pet. Sci. Eng.35: 59-81.

Gomaa, A. M., Gupta, D. V. S., & Carman, P. 2015. Viscoelastic Behavior and Proppant Transport Properties of a New High-Temperature Viscoelastic Surfactant Based Fracturing Fluid. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/173745-MS.

Gracssley, W. W. The Entanglement Concept in Polymer Rheology, Advanced Polymer Science, 16, 1974.

Gupta, D. V. S. 2009. Unconventional Fracturing Fluids for Tight Gas Reservoirs. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/119424-MS.

112 Hannah, R. R., & Harrington, L. J. 1981. Measurement of Dynamic Proppant Fall

Rates in Fracturing Gels Using a Concentric Cylinder Tester (includes associated paper 9970 ). Society of Petroleum Engineers.

doi:10.2118/7571-PA.

Harrington, L. J., Hannah, R. R., & Williams, D. 1979. Dynamic Experiments On Proppant Settling In Crosslinked Fracturing Fluids. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/8342-MS.

Harris, P. C., Morgan, R. G., & Heath, S. J. 2005. Measurement of Proppant Transport of Frac Fluids. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

doi:10.2118/95287-MS.

Heider, A., and Levespiel, O. Drag coefficient and terminal velocity of spherical and nonspherical particles, Powder Tech. 58 (1989) 63– 70.

Helbar, S. M. S., Tokaldany, E. A., Darby, S., and Shafaie, A. Fall velocity of sediment particles, IASME/WSEAS Int. Conf. on Water Resources, Hydraulics and Hydrology 2009, pp. 39–45.

Hölzer, A., and Sommerfeld, M. New simple correlation formula for the drag coefficient of non-spherical particles, Powder Technology, Volume 184, Issue 3, 2008, pages 361-365, ISSN 0032-5910,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2007.08.021.

Horton, R., Moran, L., Ochs, R., Rawn, J., and Scrimgeour, K. Principles of Biochemistry, 2nd, Ed., Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1996.

Hu, K., Sun, J., Wong, J., & Hall, B. E. 2014. Proppants Selection Based on Field Case Studies of Well Production Performance in the Bakken Shale Play. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/169566-MS.

Hu, Y. T., Chung, H., & Maxey, J. E. (2015, February 3). What is More Important for Proppant Transport, Viscosity or Elasticity? Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/173339-MS.

Hu, Y. T., Kishore, T., Maxey, J., & Loveless, D. (2015, April 13). Effects of

Crosslinking Chemistry on Proppant Suspension in Guar Networks. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/173726-MS.

Hurst, W. 1953. Establishment of the Skin Effect and its Impediment to Fluid Flow into a Well Bore. The Petroleum Engineer. Petroleum Engineering, Dallas. 25 (Oct.): 36-38, B6 through B16.

ISO 13503-2: 2006/Amd.1:2009(E), Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries Completion Fluids and Materials Part 2: Measurement of Properties of Proppants Used in Hydraulic Fracturing and Gravel-packing Operations, ISO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2009.

113 Jennings, A.R. 1996. Fracturing Fluids - Then and Now. Journal of Petroleum

Technology 48 (7): 604-610.

Kaufman, P., Penny, G.S., and Paktinant, J. 2008. Critical Evaluations of Additives Used in Shale Slickwater Fracs. Paper SPE 119900 presented at the SPE Shale Gas Production Conference held in ForthWorth, Texas, USA, 16-18

November.

Kelessidis, V.C. and Mpandelis, G. 2004. Measurements and Prediction of Terminal Velocity of Solid Spheres Falling through Stagnant Pseudoplastic Liquids. Powder Technology 147 (1–3): 117–125.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2004.09.034.

Kirkby, L. L., & Rockefeller, H. A. 1985. Proppant Settling Velocities in Nonflowing Slurries. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/13906-MS.

Krumbein, W. C., and Sloss, L. L. Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, second ed., W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 1963, p. 660.

Liang, F., Sayed, M., Al-Muntasheri, G. A., Chang, F. F., and Li, L. A comprehensive review on proppant technologies, Petroleum,Volume 2, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 26-39, ISSN 2405-6561, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petlm.2015.11.001.

Liu, Y., Fonseca, E. R., Hackbarth, C., Hulseman, R., and Tackett, K. 2015. A New Generation High-Drag Proppant: Prototype Development, Laboratory Testing, and Hydraulic Fracturing Modeling. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

doi:10.2118/173338-MS.

Liu, J., & Seright, R. S. 2001. Rheology of Gels Used for Conformance Control in Fractures. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/70810-PA.

Liu, Y., & Sharma, M. M. 2005. Effect of Fracture Width and Fluid Rheology on Proppant Settling and Retardation: An Experimental Study. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/96208-MS.

Machac, I. and Lecjaks, Z. 1995. Wall Effect for a Sphere Falling Through a Non Newtonian Fluid in a Rectangular Duct. Chem. Eng. Sci. 50 (1): 143-148. Malhotra, S., & Sharma, M. M. 2011. A General Correlation for Proppant Settling in

VES Fluids. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/139581-MS. Malhotra, S. and Sharma, M.M. 2012. Settling of Spherical Particles in Unbounded

and Confined Surfactant-Based Shear Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids: An Experimental Study. Chemical Engineering Science 84: 646-655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2012.09.010.

McCabe, W. L. and Smith, J. C.: Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., New York (1956), Ch. 7.

114 McDaniel, G. A., Abbott, J., Mueller, F. A., Anwar, A. M., Pavlova, S., Nevvonen,

O., and Alary, J. 2010. Changing the Shape of Fracturing: New Proppant Improves Fracture Conductivity. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/135360-MS.

McMechan, D. E., & Shah, S. N. 1991. Static Proppant-Settling Characteristics of Non-Newtonian Fracturing Fluids in a Large-Scale Test Model. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/19735-PA.

Mohanty, K. K., and Ming Gu, A. G. 2012. "Improvement of Fracturing for Gas Shales. "Report for RPSEA (Research Partnership to Secure Energy for America).

Moraes, I. C. F., Fasolin, L. H., Cunha, R. L., & Menegalli, F. C. 2011. Dynamic and steady: shear rheological properties of xanthan and guar gums dispersed in yellow passion fruit pulp (Passiflora edulisf.flavicarpa). Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 28(3), 483-494. https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104- 66322011000300014.

Novotny, E. J. 1977. Proppant Transport. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/6813-MS.

Ozden, S., Li, L., Al-Muntasheri, G. A., & Liang, F. 2017. Nanomaterials Enhanced High-Temperature Viscoelastic Surfactant VES Well Treatment Fluids. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/184551-MS.

Palisch, T., Duenckel, R., Bazan, L., Heidt, H., and Turk, G. Determining Realistic Fracture Conductivity and Understanding Its Impact on Well Performance— Theory and Field Examples, in Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, College Station, 2007.

Palisch, T. T., Vincent, M., & Handren, P. J. 2010. Slickwater Fracturing: Food for Thought. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/115766-PA.

Peden, J. M., and Luo, Y. 1987. Settling Velocity of Variously Shaped Particles in Drilling and Fracturing Fluids. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

doi:10.2118/16243-PA.

Rae, P., and Lullo, G. Fracturing Fluids and Breaker Systems—A Review of the State-of-the-Art, in SPE Eastern Regional Meeting, Columbus, 1996. Robert, M., and Pin, T. J. Enzyme Breaker for Galactomannan Based Fracturing

Fluid. USA Patent 5201370, 13 April 1993.

Roodhart, L. P. 1985. Proppant Settling in Non-Newtonian Fracturing Fluids. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/13905-MS.

Schein, G. 2005. The Application and Technology of Slickwater Fracturing. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

115 Schmidt, D., Rankin, P.E., Williams, B., Palisch, T., and Kullman, J. Performance of

Mixed Proppant Sizes, 2014. SPE 168629.

Shah, S. N. 1982. Proppant Settling Correlations for Non Newtonian Fluids Under Static and Dynamic Conditions. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

doi:10.2118/9330-PA.

Shah, S.N, El Fadili, Y., Chhabra, R.P., 2007. New model for single spherical particle settling velocity in power law (visco-inelastic) fluids. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 33 (1), 51-66.

Shahi, S. and Kuru, E. 2015. An Experimental Investigation of Settling Velocity of Natural Sands in Water Using Particle Image Shadowgraph. Powder

Technology 281: 184–192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2015.04.065. Shahi, S. and Kuru, E. 2016. Experimental Investigation of the Settling Velocity of

Spherical Particles in Power-Law Fluids Using Particle Image Shadowgraph Technique. International Journal of Mineral Processing 153: 60–65.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2016.06.002.

Weaver, J., Schmelzl, E., Jamieson, M., and Schiffner, G. New Fluid Technology Allows Fracturing without Internal Breakers, in SPE Gas Technology Symposium, Calgary, 2002.

Wu, W. and Wang, S. S. Y. Formulas for sediment porosity and settling velocity, J. Hydraul. Eng. (2006) 858–862.

Yu, W., Luo, Z., Javadpour, F., Varavei, A., and Sepehrnoori, K. 2014. Sensitivity analysis of hydraulic fracture geometry in shale gas reservoirs, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 113, Pages 1-7, ISSN 0920- 4105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2013.12.005.

Yu, W., Xu, Y., Weijermars, R., Wu, K., and Sepehrnoori, K. 2017. Impact of Well Interference on Shale Oil Production Performance: A Numerical Model for Analyzing Pressure Response of Fracture Hits with Complex Geometries. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/184825-MS

Zhu, J., Guo, P., Chen, D., Xu, K., Wang, P., & Guan, S. 2017. Fast and excellent healing of hydroxypropyl guar gum/poly (N,N – dimethylacrylamide) hydrogels. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics. 56. 10.1002/polb.24514.

116

VITA

Vismay Manishbhai Shah was born in Gujarat, India. He received his bachelor’s degree in Petroleum Engineering from Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University in June 2016. He joined Missouri University of Science and Technology in August 2016. He joined hydraulic fracturing research group under direct supervision of Dr. Abdulmohsin Imqam. He received his Master of Science in Petroleum Engineering in December 2018 from Missouri University of Science and Technology.

Related documents