Future Work

We are interested in resolving the funneling effect issue and saving power consumption by deploying a hybrid cross-layer networking scheme over a sink-oriented wireless sensor network. However, this research shows evidences that the full energy drainage near the sink is an avoidless issue which eventually partitions the sink-oriented wireless network. In order to affectively extent the network lifetime of WSN, we could have to implement a mobile sink scheme with forced-directed approaches [13] instead of static sink in the follow-up research. The movement of a mobile sink might consist of several anchor points between which the sink moves and stops in a load-balancing fashion. Some researchers [33] successfully utilized coverage holes and wireless relays to track the mobile target (e.g., mobile sink) such that the pursuer (e.g., source node) benefits from the variable size of the coverage hole. Furthermore, the contribution of this research would be more valuable if we can dynamically adapt HERP/CEEP into a multi-sink or per-node based networking protocol (e.g. SHARP, IZR, and TZRP) such that the region size of a sink is intensively adapted according to the network traffic load.

The implementation of data aggregation technique is also very helpful to downsize both the data packet transit and routing overhead. For example, Han et al. [17] examined healthcare information by aggregating collected data from 151 physicians working in the healthcare sector. The cluster-on-demand routing algorithms, proposed to implement distributed aggregation services, is quite suitable to achieve network scalability, load balancing, loss tolerance, and overall prolonged

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network lifetime for mobile wireless ad-hoc sensor networks [19]. It would be natural to build the on-demand clustering tree by gathering the forwarding RREQ packets, and to implement the cross-layer energy efficiency optimization while receiving RREP packets in a backward fashion. It also reduces broad transmission interception from the upstream routing paths, which leads to a more precise prediction to determine the sleep-wakeup schedules of the sensor nodes.

In addition, efficient data delivery in wireless mobile sensor networks is still a challenging research issue. Li et al. [27] observed that the vehicular (e.g., mobile sensor nodes) networks suffer from network partition and lead to poor performance. That situation also exists in HERP/CEEP, it will be necessary to investigate some heuristic algorithms in the future which may allow mobile nodes in the far site region of the sink-oriented sensor network to determine whether to hold or forward the packets.

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