Number of Women in All Data, 1998-2012
5.2 Future Work
This study was a snapshot of the most recent 15-year span of a specific view of women in engineering and its media. It is a contribution to revealing the landscape of complex interactions of
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institutions of engineering, workforce, education, media, professional societies, and gender. Further investigation along this line of inquiry could include impact of images on women and men in the workplace and in education. This study speculated on the power of media to influence people based on other research, yet this study did not include direct investigation of this important parameter through interviews or surveys of engineers. Further research into professional societies may also be enlightening.
Their power structure and culture could be informative in understanding their literature production.
Closer investigation of the traits of women described in advertising during recessions would provide more insight into economic forces influencing gender representation in engineering trade journals over time. Specific categories could be developed that pinpoint hierarchy and stereotypes more typically used in the ads. Visual content analysis involving general cultural advertising, such as those analyzed in Negra & Tasker (2014), in contrast with engineering trade journals, would allow correlation of the data with parameters of the theory of economic influence over time.
Investigation of longer time spans of fewer trade journals could attempt to relate gender representations with significant cultural shifts. Some trade journals date back to WWII; using material from one (or two) of these would allow tracking through many pivotal transformations in gender
relations. Women's political and social liberation, education, and lifestyle changes would provide cultural inflection points to which to compare visual data.
Other investigations may consider regional and industrial differences in gendered engineering relations. For example, the high-tech industry may be different from traditional oil & gas or manufacturing industries. Start-ups may be different from established behemoth technology companies such as Google.
Various regions of the country (or world) may have different gender relations. The Gulf South region of the U.S. may be more traditional than the northeast. In education, various institutions and their ranking may differ in the climate offered to female engineering students.
Other engineering literature may be of interest in their influence on gender relations.
Engineering textbooks or websites in educational or professional domains may offer unique perspectives of gender relations. A community of researchers interested in solving the under-representation of women in engineering could investigate these and other factors to target the true sources of the problem.
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This study was developed to reveal hidden gender dynamics in engineering. The results of this study could serve as evidence of the subtle nature of sexism, exclusion, and conflicts women report in their experiences working as engineers and as students of engineering. A sound argument and evidence indicating women's marginalization were meant to be compelling to engineering organizations for ultimate changes in the institution of engineering. For these changes to occur, engineering organizations need to be aware of this study. Publishing any one or all three studies in academic and trade journals read by engineers and educators would serve to broadcast the findings. Some of these potential publications include the following: Prism, Mechanical Engineering, C&EN, Journal of Engineering Education, and European Journal of Engineering Education.
Overall populations (instead of the data sliced in each of the three studies) found in each category may be constructive to add to the literature of feminism in science in journals for the purpose of other researchers adding to these findings. Possible publications include: Women's Studies Quarterly, Feminist Formations, National Women's Studies Association Journal, Journal of Gender Studies, Gender &
Society, and Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society.
This work also contributed to the field of visual analysis methods since the methodology used was tailored from Goffman's (1979) thematic work on general culture advertisements to engineering professions, requiring adjustment of categorization and synthesis of findings. The Journal of Mixed Methods Research may be appropriate.
Since the human aspect of practice influenced results of work done, science literacy was affected. Thus, population profiles of those practitioners (engineers) may be interesting to Public Understanding of Science.
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