General discussion
G UIDELINE IMPLEMENTATION
The guidelines for pressure ulcer care in our study can be considered a way to translate research results and clinical experience into recommendations about care procedures in clinical practice. The guidelines work as an intermediary in the implementation process. The implementation of the guideline was a carefully planned and systematic introduction to give the recommendations on pressure ulcer care a structural place in clinical practice25. Considering the key‐problem of failing pressure ulcer care, i.e. a lack of
knowledge and accompanying skills, we chose an implementation strategy with a focus on education. This approach appeals to an intrinsic motivation to achieve optimal competence and performance. ‘Problem‐based learning’ (learning happens if learners actively use the new knowledge and link it to pre‐existing knowledge) ‐ and ‘bottom‐up’ methods (aimed at encouraging autonomy, initiative and experimentation) fit well in this approach25. Moreover, the ‘bottom‐up’ approach fits in the decentralised organisation
structure26. Yet, the results on change in care behaviour of nurses were poor. Some
considerations on issues concerning this point have to be addressed.
Social interaction
In our implementation strategy, adequate care behaviour by nurses was supported by appointing a pressure ulcer consultant who established a network of ‘contact nurses’. Besides the distribution of printed materials, active methods of communication were used. The contact nurses were trained by the nurse consultant and they were instructed to introduce the new guideline on the ward by clinical lessons and meetings. However, in communication with contact nurses strong differences were reported in personal motivation and in active management by head nurses to facilitate the implementation. This illustrates that it is difficult to control the exact measures that were taken at the
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bedside. This observation is supported by a previous study on the quality of pressure ulcer care in Dutch hospitals which showed a failure in active managing and controlling the effectiveness of pressure ulcer policy by head nurses and executive managers27. By
this failure, the actual exposure to the intervention of all nurses could be negatively influenced28. This finding is emphasised by the significant improvement of care
behaviour by nurses in our study on effects of guideline implementation in the ICU department. Contrary to the study on the implementation of a new hospital policy, staff nurses in the ICU were approached directly to discuss flaws in pressure ulcers care by the researcher in this study. Moreover, these staff nurses themselves advocated guideline adherence.
Using a social interaction approach is probably just as important as focusing on education. Important strategies to improve practice along a social interaction approach include using opinion leaders, organising ‘outreach visits’ (visits by respected colleagues or experts), peer assessment and the influence patients have on professionals25.
Feedback
In our study on the effects of the implementation of a new policy on pressure ulcer frequency (chapter 5), six prevalence measurements were carried out in a period of thirty months. Giving feedback on the results of this measurement should stimulate guideline adherence29;30. Indeed, discussing hospital performance in the hospital pressure ulcer
committee should result in necessary measures to improve pressure ulcer care. Although, we reported the ward specific prevalence to the contact nurses and the head nurses of the wards, we gave no feedback on these results because we felt that giving feedback on the results on a ward level could have an unwanted effect. After all, while the statistical power to measure changes in prevalence rates on hospital level is generally sufficient, the statistical power on a ward with 20 to 30 observations is far from sufficient. This number of observations is also insufficient for adjusting for patient characteristics or case mix. It might be disappointing if efforts on a ward are not rewarded by a decrease in the pressure ulcer prevalence because of random fluctuations. Moreover, a decrease in pressure ulcer prevalence could be interpreted as a positive outcome on marginal efforts, whereas a negative effect could have a disastrous effect on the motivation to comply with the guideline. Therefore, we explained to the contact nurse en head nurse that they should interpret the ward results with caution.
CHAPTER 8 113 For this reason we conclude that giving feedback on the results of occasional prevalence measurements is not suitable to encourage ward performance. Financial incentives
Apart from recommendations to provide adequate preventive measures or adequate treatment of pressure ulcers, clinical guidelines are also developed to exclude unnecessary, inappropriate or even damaging care11;31. Moreover, they are assumed to
stimulate cost‐effective care, which in practice is often used as a synonym for cost reduction11;31. However, the assumption that working according to the guideline will lead
to a reduction in costs is not necessarily right. This can best be illustrated by the recommendation to regularly change the position of the immobilised patient. Although our guideline recommends turning immobile patients every 3 hours, and this was shown to be an effective intervention32, many immobile patients do not receive this care. Reasons
given for non‐adherence include lack of time and staffing33. Therefore, implementing this
recommendation may require extra staffing and increase costs.
Preventing a pressure ulcer is less expensive than treating a pressure ulcer34. From the
perspective of a ward manager, this rule is only valid in case a patient uses the services of a single ward. However, this will not be the case. The patient “travels” along hospital departments, nursing home facilities, rehabilitation centres, home care facilities etc. The ward where preventive measures are (not) taken is most likely not the same ward where the treatment of the pressure ulcer takes place. Cost for providing special pressure reducing devices varies between €15 to €75 per day. These cost are additional to the daily rate for nursing care, paid by the health care assurance, and are chargeable to the budget of the department where the patient stays. However, the cost for the treatment of a pressure ulcer is part of the daily rate for nursing care. The additional costs for special devices are high in ICUʹs where almost all patients are at high risk for pressure ulcer development at admission. Regarding the relatively short admission time most pressure ulcers have to be treated on a nursing ward after discharge from the ICU. Managers would be more motivated to invest in pressure ulcer prevention if the expenditures directly benefit the wards where these measures are taken. Yet, in the current climate of large cuts in the health care system and the system with decentralised budgets it may not be in the interest of budget holders and managers to stimulate adherence to a guideline which increases costs. It would be of interest to perform a study on the effects of
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guideline implementation in which financial incentives are part of the implementation strategy.