4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 41
4.8 Gaps in knowledge 57
As an exploratory study, a further objective of this research was to identify gaps in knowledge and research opportunities. Again, findings suggest opportunities for research in four major areas. First, there is emerging research relating to international student on student travel experience while in Australia. This research is largely focussed on assessing the economic value of travel (Davidson et al., 2010; Min‐Em, 2006; Shanka et al., 2002; Weaver, 2003) or exploring student motivations for travel (Michael & Armstrong, 2004). Much of this research treats international students as a whole entity and there is scope for a focus specifically on Chinese students and their motivations,
expectations and experiences. Such research would inform the tourism industry on how they might better produce products to address potential student demand as well as the international education sector that seeks to enhance the student experience.
On a related theme, while there is extensive research on international students in Australia, their motivations for choosing Australia and their immediate educational outcomes, there is very little research on international student services (Chung, Fam, & Holdsworth, 2008; Marginson, Nyland, Sawir, & Forbes‐Mewett, 2010), how these might enrich student experiences and, in turn, strengthen alumni relationships and connections with Australia. There is considerable scope for further
investigation of student services and the enhancement of tourism experiences; as well as research on enhancing broader student engagement, in order that meaningful person‐to‐person links is developed in ways that might be the catalyst for future two‐way travel in the long term.
Research on alumni relations practice and organisation would also facilitate understanding of how strong alumni engagement might occur. As highlighted by Daly (2013), in the UK and European context development and alumni relations is an emerging area of professionalism that is becoming increasingly important to university functions as a means to diversity income streams and to harness the potential capacities of alumni. As discussed, this evolution is taking place in the context of the internationalisation of higher education and continuous higher education policy and structural reform. Research on alumni relations practice in Australia is similarly warranted in order to bring into focus the increasingly important role of alumni relations, particularly in light of the importance of international education now and into the future. Such research might include a review of good practice in alumni relations, the development of models of alumni relations relevant to current conditions, as well as how alumni relations might be better considered at a national and state government policy level.
Following from this, a notable research gap is in relation to tracking the longer term outcomes of international students (Cuthbert et al., 2008, Dempsey, 2012). The key mechanism for this is a suite of graduate surveys undertaken by Graduate Careers Australia. These surveys yield important baseline data relating largely to employment outcomes. While employment outcomes are obviously of central importance, as argued in Section 1 the significance of international education has much wider ramifications in the context of transnationalism. It is also a relatively new and growing phenomenon that begs further exploration. Tracking the mobility of international alumni, and the impact on travel and tourism, is one such area of investigation that deserves deeper examination. Findings from this research also highlight the limited knowledge of emerging Chinese tourism
markets (Keating & Kriz, 2008). Given the pace of economic development in China, and the growth of outbound tourism from China at an unprecedented scale, it is perhaps unsurprising that research has yet to ‘catch up’ with, and understand, the preferences, aspirations and expectations of a highly diversified market. This market is also, as Keating and Kriz (2008) argue, fundamentally different than other markets received in Australia. An implication is that established models of tourism planning may need to be reconsidered. Understanding the preferences of Chinese Gen Y travellers is of particular importance for the foreseeable future, and further research on this market would be of particular value to tourism planning, policy and industry development. China based Australian alumni forms one important sub‐set of this market. As an exploratory study, this research has provided some indication of how important it actually is in terms of generating two‐way travel. Wider research, supported by universities Australia‐wide, would be a valuable enterprise. Finally, this research is premised on the understanding that international student alumni are of particular and unique value in supporting broader Australian engagement with China for a number of mutually beneficial goals, including public diplomacy, international trade, word of mouth promotion and knowledge transfer. While there is a growing literature on transnationalism, its processes and its social and economic consequences, there is little research on alumni as transnationals. Similarly, there has been little focus on Australian nationals living in China, which similarly lends itself to further examination in order to inform policy development. Following from the discussion above, in relation to the need to consider an Australian diaspora policy, Australians abroad, and in this case in China, are a potential resource for harnessing skills, capital and knowledge in Australian interests, but particularly as harnessing them in their role as ‘bridges’ between China and Australia. There are opportunities for further research into the Australian diaspora in China, how they construct their identity as transnationals, and the nature and potential of two way and multi‐nodal transnational links.
Overall, the research findings highlight a range of future opportunities for alumni research that would inform government and industry planning and policy development. This research crosses a range of sectors that shape the extent to which international students forge long‐term and meaningful connections which, in turn, contribute to tourism development opportunities. These sectors include the international education industry and how it supports international student experience, the field of Australian alumni relations and its capacity to serve international student
alumni, and the tourism industry and how it can learn from and capitalise on alumni connections. Finally, there is broader question about diaspora policy in Australia. International student alumni are one constituency that are important to Australia’s long‐term international engagement efforts. Research that informs how government policy can be shaped to harness the full benefits of that constituency is an important policy question in the context of globalisation and the need for stronger engagement with Asia.