No Genotypes PYH (kg) Genotypes PYH (kg) Genotypes PYH (kg) Genotypes PYH (kg) Genotypes PYH (kg)

1 SPS 11 3809.3 ICGV 03056 4864.5 49 M-16 3764.5 CS 39 4321.2 ICGV 07247 3202.9

2 ICGV 05163 3560.6 ICGV 03042 4660.2 ICGV 03064 3484.0 Faizpur 1-5 3849.6 SPS 11 3129.5 3 ICGV 06142 3283.4 ICGV 03064 4549.0 ICGV 06142 3477.8 ICGV 07247 3780.9 ICGV 03064 3040.7 4 ICGV 06100 3269.2 ICGV 06420 4032.1 SPS 11 3418.1 ICGV 06234 3673.5 ICGV 06100 2981.1 5 ICGV 07246 3117.2 ICGV 01274 3982.1 ICGV 06100 3360.5 ICGV 01495 3655.5 ICGV 05163 2978.0 6 ICGV 00321 3108.6 ICGV 03128 3718.8 ICGV 05155 3257.3 ICGV 01276 3646.6 ICGV 05155 2952.5 7 DH 86 3063.7 ICGV 05155 3610.4 ICGV 05161 3149.8 ICGV 03128 3636.5 ICGV 01276 2923.8 8 ICG 2381 3049.9 ICGV 07247 3547.9 ICGV 05163 3142.3 ICGV 07166 3527.8 ICGV 03056 2898.6 9 ICGV 01478 3033.0 ICGV 00005 3546.3 ICGV 02321 3059.3 ICG 11651 3298.0 ICGV 07246 2827.2 10 ICGV 05198 3032.4 SPS 11 3528.5 ICGV 02411 3058.4 ICGV 97058 3073.7 ICGV 01495 2821.5

Population mean 1396.8 1592.3 1569.0 1641.4 1549.9

CV% 23.3 21.58 18.1 22.6 19.5

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(diseased environment). Genotype SPS 1 (29.3g) followed by ICG 14482 (28.4g) and SPS 21(28.2g) recorded higher haulm yield at ICRISAT during rainy 2015 whereas genotypes ICGV 86564 (40.5g) followed by ICGV’s 02290 (36.0g), 01273 (35.9g) and ICGV 05036 (35.9g) reported higher haulm yield during post-rainy season at ICRISAT. Pooled performance of genotypes reported ICGV 01464 (30.4g) followed by ICG 14475 (29.0g) and ICGV 86564 (28.5g) with higher haulm yield across the environments (Table 4.23).

4.2.3 Nutritional quality traits

Genotypes with higher nutritional value and quality in groundnut are in great demand, therefore, improving nutritional quality is now one of focused breeding objective of groundnut improvement. All the genotypes were evaluated for oil and protein content along with four major fatty acids through near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). The mean, range and genetic parameters for nutritional quality traits are presented in Table 4.19. The range of performance of genotypes for all the nutritional quality traits was high but GCV and PCV were low for all the quality traits coupled with moderate to high heritability and low GAM at the individual as well as across the environments.

Oil content (%)

Narrow genetic variability in GSP observed for oil content with low GCV and PCV along with moderate to high heritability and low GAM across the environments. Oil content was varied from 45.0 to 64.2% at Aliyarnagar, from 46.1 to 64.9% at Jalgaon, from 38.2 to 59.9% at ICRISAT rainy 2015, from 42.0 to 60.6% at ICRISAT post-rainy 2015-16 and the average over environments was varied from 44.6 to 59.2%. The average of environments over genotypes was 53.5% at Aliyarnagar, 53.7% at Jalgaon, 48.5% and 49.1% at ICRISAT rainy and post-rainy seasons, respectively (Table 4.19). Very low GCV (2.51%) and PCV (3.38%) with moderate heritability (54.93%) and low GAM (3.83%) were reported for oil content at Aliyarnagar. The similar trend of low GCV (2.50 & 3.25%) and PCV (3.18 & 3.65%) coupled with high heritability (61.70 & 79.37%) and low GAM (4.04 & 5.97%) was observed at Jalgaon and ICRISAT rainy 2015, respectively whereas low GCV (2.29%) and PCV (3.02%) coupled

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with moderate heritability (57.43%) and very low GAM (3.58%) was observed for oil content at ICRISAT post-rainy 2015-16 (Table 4.19). The genotypes ICG 14482 (64.2%) followed by ICG 12625 (63.5%) and ICGV 99085 (62.7%) were the best genotypes had higher oil content compared to other genotypes at Aliyarnagar whereas genotypes ICGV 06420 (64.9%) followed by ICGV 99085 (62.5%) and ICGV 05155 (62.0%) recorded higher oil content at Jalgaon. Genotypes ICG 15419 (59.9%) followed by ICG 2381 (29.3%) and ICG 5221 (58.8%) reported higher oil content compared to other at ICRISAT during rainy season 2015 whereas ICG 2381 (60.6%) followed by ICGV 97045 (57.9%) and ICG 14475 (56.4%) were the best genotypes for oil content at ICRISAT during post-rainy season 2015-16. Pooled analysis of genotypes for oil content across the environments also revealed low values of GCV and PCV (2.39 & 2.67%) with high heritability (79.78%) and low GAM (4.39%). The average performance of genotypes across the environments revealed that genotypes ICG 15419 (59.18%) followed by ICG 2381 (58.97%), ICG 5221 (58.61%) and ICG 14482 (58.50%) reported high oil content across the environments (Table 4.20).

Protein content (%)

Narrow genetic variation in GSP was observed for protein content with low GCV, PCV coupled with moderate heritability and low GAM under different environments. Protein content in GSP varied from 13.5 to 28.4% at Aliyarnagar, from 13.2 to 27.8% at Jalgaon, from 19.2 to 29.8% at ICRISAT rainy 2015 and from 19.6 to 34.6% at ICRISAT post-rainy 2015-16. The average of environment over the genotypes was 20.2% at Aliyarnagar, 19.6% at Jalgaon, 24.1 and 26.7% at ICRISAT rainy and post-rainy seasons, respectively (Table 4.19). Low GCV (4.20%) and PCV (6.60%) with moderate heritability (40.55%) and low GAM (5.51%) were reported for protein content at Aliyarnagar. The similar trend of low GCV (2.65 & 3.08%) and PCV (4.37 & 4.85%) coupled with moderate heritability (36.84 & 40.33%) and low GAM (3.32 & 4.03%) was observed at ICRISAT rainy 2015 and ICRISAT post-rainy 2015-16, respectively whereas low GCV (3.38%) and PCV (6.27%) coupled with low heritability (29.04%) and low GAM (3.75%) was reported for protein content at Jalgaon. Protein content in different genotypes was observed high during the post-rainy

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season compared to rainy season across the environments. Genotypes ICGV 02038 (28.4%) followed by DTG LPS 3 (27.2%) and Faizpur 1-5 (26.7%) reported higher protein content at Aliyarnagar whereas ICGV 05198 (27.8%), 00321 and 02038 (25.1%) were the best genotypes for protein content at Jalgaon. ICG 14985 (29.8%) followed by ICGV 00362 (28.4%) and ICGV 05176 (28.0%) recorded higher protein content at ICRISAT during rainy 2015 whereas Faizpur 1-5 followed by ICG 2857 (34.1%) and ICGV 02038 (33.3%) reported higher protein content at ICRISAT during post-rainy season 2015-16. Pooled analysis of genotypes for protein content across the environments also revealed a similar trend of low GCV and PCV (2.98 & 3.71%) with high heritability (64.42%) and low GAM (4.93%). Pooled performance of genotypes showed that genotypes Faizpur 1-5 (27.7%) followed by ICGV 02038 (27.4%), ICGV 00321 (26.7%) and ICG 9507 (26.4%) reported higher protein content across the environments (Table 4.20).

Oleic acid (%)

Narrow genetic variation in GSP was observed for oleic acid content with low GCV, PCV coupled with moderate to high heritability and low GAM under different environments. Oleic acid in GSP varied from 29.4 to 74.4% at Aliyarnagar, from 21.3 to 80.5% at Jalgaon, from 31.4 to 76.0% at ICRISAT rainy 2015, from 30.3 to 76.1% at ICRISAT post-rainy 2015-16 and the average over environments from 31.2 to 78.8%. The average of environments over genotypes was 42.1% Aliyarnagar, 38.9% at Jalgaon, 42.9 and 43.9% at ICRISAT rainy and post-rainy seasons, respectively (Table 4.19). The wider range of oleic acid in GSP is due to a high oleic genotype SunOleic 95R which recorded >74% oleic acid across the environments. The range of oleic acid in GSP without SunOleic 95R became narrow from 29.4 to 60.3% at Aliyarnagar, from 21.3 to 56.9% at Jalgaon, from 31.4 to 62.4% at ICRISAT rainy 2015, from 30.3 to 58.5% at ICRISAT post-rainy 2015-16 and the average over environments from 31.2 to 57.4% indicating narrow genetic variability for this trait. Low GCV (5.80, 6.83, 6.02 & 4.91%) and PCV (7.19, 8.19, 6.66 & 6.41%) with high heritability (65.11, 69.51, 81.61 & 58.61%) and low GAM (9.64, 11.73, 11.19 & 7.74%) were reported for oleic acid content at Aliyarnagar, Jalgaon,

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Table 4.19 Mean, range and genetic parameters for nutritional quality traits of Genomic Selection Panel of groundnut evaluated across the environments

Traits Mean Range

# GCV (%) PCV (%) h2 bs (%) GAM (%) Min Max Aliyarnagar Oil content (%) 53.47 44.99 64.22 2.51 3.38 54.93 3.83 Protein content (%) 20.21 13.54 28.44 4.20 6.60 40.55 5.51 Oleic acid (%) 42.06 29.38 74.38 5.80 7.19 65.11 9.64 Linoleic acid (%) 39.68 5.30 51.25 5.22 6.49 64.56 8.63 Palmitic acid (%) 11.66 7.50 14.88 4.07 4.91 68.66 6.94 Stearic acid (%) 2.19 0.68 3.61 9.11 11.89 58.61 14.36 O/L ratio 1.13 0.58 14.03 16.28 19.72 68.15 27.69 Jalgaon Oil content (%) 53.66 46.05 64.88 2.50 3.18 61.70 4.04 Protein content (%) 19.64 13.23 27.81 3.38 6.27 29.04 3.75 Oleic acid (%) 38.89 21.33 80.47 6.83 8.19 69.51 11.73 Linoleic acid (%) 42.23 7.32 57.22 5.25 6.43 66.56 8.82 Palmitic acid (%) 11.93 6.49 14.48 4.43 5.24 71.42 7.71 Stearic acid (%) 2.10 0.27 3.88 10.48 14.00 56.10 16.18 O/L ratio 0.99 0.37 15.71 18.33 21.92 69.97 31.59 ICRISAT rainy 2015 Oil content (%) 48.51 38.17 59.88 3.25 3.65 79.37 5.97 Protein content (%) 24.09 19.23 29.81 2.65 4.37 36.84 3.32 Oleic acid (%) 42.90 31.39 76.03 6.02 6.66 81.61 11.19 Linoleic acid (%) 36.13 6.12 46.91 5.97 6.64 80.94 11.07 Palmitic acid (%) 11.71 7.89 14.67 4.16 4.73 77.35 7.53 Stearic acid (%) 1.65 0.20 3.92 28.24 30.98 83.14 53.05 O/L ratio 1.26 0.68 12.76 16.49 19.49 71.57 28.73 ICRISAT post-rainy 2015-16 Oil content (%) 49.05 41.96 60.63 2.29 3.02 57.43 3.58 Protein content (%) 26.74 19.57 34.57 3.08 4.85 40.33 4.03 Oleic acid (%) 43.87 30.32 76.06 4.91 6.41 58.61 7.74 Linoleic acid (%) 34.70 4.60 46.58 5.52 6.97 62.54 8.98 Palmitic acid (%) 12.50 7.08 15.09 3.66 4.45 67.82 6.21 Stearic acid (%) 2.33 0.75 4.79 7.97 10.69 55.53 12.23 O/L ratio 1.35 0.62 16.53 16.00 19.67 66.14 26.81

Pooled across the environments

Oil content (%) 51.18 44.58 59.18 2.39 2.67 79.78 4.39 Protein content (%) 22.67 18.50 27.66 2.98 3.71 64.42 4.93 Oleic acid (%) 41.91 31.21 78.83 5.70 6.05 88.95 11.08 Linoleic acid (%) 38.21 5.61 47.60 5.28 5.60 88.61 10.23 Palmitic acid (%) 11.95 7.63 14.41 3.98 4.18 90.84 7.82 Stearic acid (%) 2.07 0.42 3.97 31.42 33.51 87.91 60.69 O/L ratio 1.17 0.66 14.09 10.17 11.25 81.68 18.94

Min= Minimum; Max= Maximum; GCV = Genotypic coefficient of variation (%); PCV= Phenotypic coefficient of variation (%); h2bs = Heritability in broad sense (%); GAM= Genetic advance as percent of mean (%); # = Nutritional quality traits were estimated by NIRS and could deviate by ±2.5.

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ICRISAT rainy and post-rainy season, respectively. Pooled analysis of this trait also revealed a similar trend of low GCV (5.70%) and PCV (6.05%) with high heritability (88.95%) and moderate GAM (11.08%). Genotypes SunOleic 95R was the only genotype in GSP reported as high oleic (>70%) across the environments (Table 4.21).

Linoleic acid (%)

Narrow genetic variation in GSP for linoleic acid was observed with low GCV, PCV, GAM and high heritability at the individual as well as across the environments. Linoleic acid in GSP varied from 5.3 to 51.3% at Aliyarnagar, from 7.3 to 57.2% at Jalgaon, from 6.1 to 46.9% at ICRISAT rainy 2015, from 4.6 to 46.6% at ICRISAT post-rainy 2015-16 and the average over environments was from 5.6 to 47.6%. The average of environments over genotypes was 39.7% at Aliyarnagar, 42.2% at Jalgaon, 36.1 and 34.7% at ICRISAT rainy and post-rainy seasons, respectively (Table 4.19). SunOleic 95R was the only genotype recorded lowest linoleic acid (<6%) across the environments. The range of linoleic acid in GSP without SunOleic 95R varied from 24.1 to 51.3% at Aliyarnagar, from 26.7 to 57.2% at Jalgaon, from 23.3 to 46.9% at ICRISAT rainy 2015, from 21.8 to 46.6% at ICRISAT post-rainy 2015- 16 and the average over environments was from 26.1 to 47.6%. Low GCV (5.22, 5.25, 5.97 & 5.52%) and PCV (6.49, 6.43, 6.64 & 6.97%) with high heritability (64.56, 66.56, 80.94 & 62.54%) and low GAM (8.63, 8.82, 11.07 & 8.98%) was reported for linoleic acid content at Aliyarnagar, Jalgaon, ICRISAT rainy 2015 and ICRISAT post-rainy 2015-16, respectively. Pooled analysis also revealed a similar trend of low GCV and PCV (5.28 & 5.60%) with high heritability (88.61%) and low GAM (10.23%) across the environments. The genotype SunOleic 95R recorded 5.3, 5.1, 6.1 & 4.6% linoleic acid at Aliyarnagar, Jalgaon, and ICRISAT rainy and post-rainy seasons, respectively (Table 4.22).

Palmitic acid (%)

There was significant difference among genotypes of GSP for palmitic acid observed under individual as well as across the environments but the

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magnitude of genetic variability for this trait was narrow as indicated by low GCV, PCV and GAM. Palmitic acid in GSP varied from 7.5 to 14.9% at Aliyarnagar, from 6.5 to 14.5% at Jalgaon, from 7.9 to 14.7% at ICRISAT rainy 2015, from 7.1 to 15.1% at ICRISAT post-rainy 2015-16 and the average over environments was from 7.6 to 14.4%. The average of environments over genotypes was 11.7% at Aliyarnagar, 11.9 at Jalgaon, 11.7 and 12.5 at ICRISAT rainy and post-rainy seasons, respectively (Table 4.19). Very low GCV (4.07, 4.43, 4.16 & 3.66%) and PCV (4.91, 5.24, 4.73 & 4.45%) with high heritability (68.66, 71.42, 77.35 & 67.82%) and low GAM (6.94, 7.71, 7.53 & 6.21%) was observed for palmitic acid content at Aliyarnagar, Jalgaon, ICRISAT rainy and post-rainy seasons, respectively. Pooled analysis also revealed a similar trend of low GCV and PCV (3.98 and 4.18%) with high heritability (90.84%) and low GAM (7.82%). Genotype ICG 15419 (7.5%) followed by ICG 5221 (7.7%) and ICG 6022 (8.1%) recorded lower palmitic acid compared to other genotypes at Aliyarnagar. Genotypes ICG 15419 followed by ICG 12625 (7.0%) and SunOleic 95R (8.5%) recorded lower palmitic acid compared to all other genotypes at Jalgaon. SunOleic 95R (7.9 & 7.08%) was recorded lowest palmitic acid at ICRISAT during rainy and post-rainy seasons followed by ICG 5221 and ICG 6022 (7.9%) during rainy season whereas ICG 2381 (8.2%) and ICG 6022 (8.5%) had low palmitic acid after SunOleic 95R during post-rainy season 2015-16. Pooled performance of genotypes across the environments showed that SunOleic 95R (7.6%) followed by ICG’s 15419 (8.0%), 2381, 5221 and 6022 (8.3%) reported low palmitic acid across the environments (Table 4.22).

Stearic acid (%)

Genetic variability for stearic acid in GSP was high compared to other nutritional quality traits with moderate to high GCV and PCV coupled with moderate to high heritability and GAM under different environments. Stearic acid varied from 0.68 to 3.61% at Aliyarnagar, from 0.27 to 3.88% at Jalgaon, from 0.20 to 3.92% at ICRISAT rainy 2015, from 0.75 to 4.79% at ICRISAT post-rainy 2015-16 and the average of environments was from 0.42 to 3.97%. The average of environments over genotypes for stearic acid was from 2.18%

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at Aliyarnagar, 2.10% at Jalgaon, 1.65 and 2.33% at ICRISAT rainy and post- rainy seasons, respectively (Table 4.19). Low GCV (9.11 & 7.97%) and moderate PCV (11.89 & 10.69%) with moderate heritability (58.61 & 55.53%) and GAM (14.36 & 12.23%) was reported for stearic acid content at Aliyarnagar and ICRISAT post-rainy 2015-16, respectively whereas moderate GCV (10.48%) and PCV (14.00%) coupled with moderate heritability (56.10%) and GAM (16.18%) was reported at Jalgaon. High GCV (28.24%) and PCV (30.98%) coupled with high heritability (83.14%) and high GAM (53.05%) were reported for stearic acid content at ICRISAT rainy 2015. A similar trend of high GCV and PCV (31.42 & 33.51%) with high heritability (87.91%) and GAM (60.69%) was reported in pooled analysis. The genotypes ICG 4955 (0.7, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.8%) reported lowest stearic acid at Aliyarnagar, Jalgaon, ICRISAT rainy and post-rainy seasons, respectively. The genotype ICG 4955 (0.4%) followed by ICG 3673 (1.0%), ICG 442 (1.0%), ICG 12672 (1.1%) and DTG 3 (1.1%) were also reported with low stearic acid across the environments (Table 4.23).

Oleic acid / Linoleic acid (O/L Ratio)

There was moderate variability reported for O/L ratio in GSP with moderate GCV and PCV with high heritability and GAM. It varied from 0.58 to 14.03 at Aliyarnagar, from 0.37 to 15.71 at Jalgaon, from 0.68 to 12.76 at ICRISAT rainy 2015, from 0.62 to 16.53 at ICRISAT during the post-rainy season and the average over environments was from 0.66 to 14.09. The average of environments over genotypes for linoleic acid was 1.13 at Aliyarnagar, 0.99 at Jalgaon, 1.26 and 1.35 at ICRISAT rainy and post-rainy seasons, respectively (Table 4.19). The wider range of O/L ratio in GSP was due to SunOleic 95R as it was recorded highest O/L ratio at Aliyarnagar (14.13), Jalgaon (15.71), ICRISAT rainy (12.76) and post-rainy (16.53) (Table 4.21). The O/L ratio in GSP without SunOleic 95R varied from 0.58 to 2.52 at Aliyarnagar, from 0.37 to 2.14 at Jalgaon, from 0.68 to 2.76 at ICRISAT rainy 2015, from 0.62 to 2.58 at ICRISAT during the post-rainy season and the average over environments was from 0.66 to 2.13. Moderate GCV (16.28, 18.33, 16.49 & 16.00%) and moderate to high PCV (19.72, 21.92, 19.49 &

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Table 4.20 Performance of trait specific superior genotypes of Genomic Selection Panel across four environments for oil content (OC%) and protein content (PC%)

Aliyarnagar Jalgaon ICRISAT Rainy 15 ICRISAT Post-Rainy 15-16 Pooled S. No. Genotypes OC% Genotypes OC% Genotypes OC% Genotypes OC% Genotypes OC%

1 ICG 14482 64.2 ICGV 06420 64.8 ICG 15419 59.9 ICG 2381 60.6 ICG 15419 59.2

2 ICG 12625 63.5 ICGV 99085 62.5 ICG 2381 59.3 ICGV 97045 57.9 ICG 2381 58.9

3 ICGV 99085 62.6 ICGV 05155 62.0 ICG 5221 58.8 ICG 14475 56.4 ICG 5221 58.6

4 ICG 6022 62.6 GPBD 4 62.0 ICGV 99085 57.9 ICG 12625 55.9 ICG 14482 58.5

5 ICG 15419 62.1 ICGV 00248 61.5 ICG 6022 57.6 ICG 14482 55.3 ICG 12625 58.3

6 ICG 14475 61.5 ICG 2381 61.3 GPBD 4 57.1 ICGV 05155 55.2 ICG 6022 58.3

7 ICGV 97128 60.9 ICG 5221 61.0 ICGV 00248 55.8 SPS 21 54.9 ICGV 99085 57.9

8 MN1-35 60.7 49 M-16 60.8 ICG 12625 55.6 ICG 15419 54.9 GPBD 4 57.8

9 ICG 12509 60.6 ICGV 00246 60.5 ICGV 06420 55.6 ICG 5221 54.5 ICGV 05155 57.6

10 SPS 21 60.6 ICGV 03042 60.3 SPS 9 55.3 ICG 3673 54.2 ICGV 97128 57.0

Population mean 53.5 53.7 48.5 49.1 51.1

CV% 4.5 3.9 3.3 4.0 1.9

LSD at 5 % 4.0 3.5 2.6 3.2 2.8