GLOSSARY AND DEFINITIONS

The terms and expressions employed in this thesis are defined in this section.

Terms Definition

Asphalt: usually known as asphalt concrete. It is a mixture of bitumen and mineral materials. Asphalt concrete: is often an upper pavement layer in a flexible pavement. It can comes

different production techniques such as hot mix asphalt, warm mix asphalt or cold mix asphalt. Usually, it contains 95% of gravel and sand and 5% of bitumen (in mass).

Bitumen: it is the residuum obtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils. It is used as a

binder for aggregates in asphalt concrete.

Bitumen Fume: the gases and vapours emitted from heated bitumen, and the aerosols and mists

resulting from the condensation of vapours after volatilisation from heated bitumen.

Coal Tar: a dark brown to black, highly aromatic material manufactured during the high-

temperature carbonization of bituminous coals which differs from bitumen substantially in composition and physical characteristics. It has previously been used in the roofing and paving industries as an alternative to bitumen.

Flash point: the temperature at which a combustible vapor forms above the surface of bitumen

in a specific test method.

Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA): a mixture of bitumen and mineral materials used as a paving material

that is typically produced at temperature in the range 140-180 °C.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): it is a technique to assess environmental impacts of a product,

“from cradle to grave”, i.e. from raw material extraction, through its production, transportation to its use and end-of-life. Maintenance This term gathers all the methods and techniques used to extend the life of a pavement by slowing down its deterioration rate.

Mineral aggregate: a combination of stone fractions and filler. They are used in all kinds of

concrete, mortar, road stone or in the railway construction.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH): This is a large group of chemicals that have a

structure containing at least two fused aromatic rings. PAH are toxic for people, they are carcinogenic and mutagenic.

Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP): is a granular material coming from the milling or the

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Viscosity: resistance to flow of a substance when a shearing stress is imposed on the substance.

For bitumen products, test methods include vacuum-capillary, cone and plate, orifice-type and rotational viscometers. Measurements of viscosity at varying temperatures are used by technologist in all industry segments that utilize bitumen materials.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): they refer to the organic chemical compounds which are

gases and can affect the environment and human health.

Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA): asphalt mixture produced at lower temperatures as compared to

those typically associated with rolled asphalt pavement. Warm-mix asphalts are produced and placed at temperatures typically 10-40 °C lower that conventional rolled asphalt.

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