and endrin but frequent spraying was required (every one or two weeks). Trials with systemic insecticides commenced in 1967. Monocrotophos and azinphos methyl offered some control but phorate and dimethoate were ineffective. Trials with controlled release carbofuran were also disappointing. A small- scale trial in New South Wales in 1990, which involved stem injection of phosphamidon, was reportedly successful in reducing incidence of attack (P. Hadlington pers. comm.).
Bangladesh
For control of H. robusta, Baksha (1990) recom- mended the use of dicrotophos as a foliar spray, or carbofuran granules applied to the soil around the base of each tree.
Brazil
Maués (these Proceedings) reported that attempts have been made at chemical control but none have been successful.
China
In Hainan Province, laboratory feeding trials were conducted using shoots treated with carbaryl, phoxim, acephate and chlordimeform. The first three chemicals listed caused larval mortality of 90–100% and were then used in field trials along with carbo- furan. The insecticides were applied to the shoots with a brush. Carbaryl was the most effective in pro- tecting against attack by H. robusta (Gu and Liu 1984).
Costa Rica
Considerable research has been conducted in this country on chemical control of H. grandella. In laboratory and greenhouse trials at Turrialba, Allan et al. (1970) screened 28 systemic insecticides (Table 1), comparing their translocation properties in young Cedrela odorata L., toxicity to H. grandella larvae and phytotoxicity to the plant after soil appli- cation. The best combinations of pest control and lack of acute phytotoxicity were exhibited, in decreasing order, by carbofuran, methomyl, Isolan, phosphamidon and monocrotophos (Allan et al. 1973, 1974). Controlled release formulations of these five were then tested in the field, being applied in pelleted form at planting (Wilkins et al. 1976). Car- bofuran was found to be the most effective, and at one site gave complete control for 340 days. Treated trees also had lower mortality and higher growth rates than untreated trees. In a separate trial, non-CR formulations of aldicarb and carbofuran applied to
soil gave only short-term protection to Swietenia macrophylla King against H. grandella attack (Allan et al. 1975).
Cuba
Manso (1974) reported that solutions of DDT + trichlorphon, and of trichlorphon + carbaryl gave the best results in controlling H. grandella in plantations of C. odorata and S. macrophylla. The effectiveness of fenitrothion, omethoate and pirimiphos-methyl for the control of H. grandella attacking C. odorata in nurseries was tested by Berrios et al. (1987). Trich- lorphon was included in the trial for comparison. The most effective control was provided by pirimiphos- methyl. Duarte Casanova (these Proceedings) suggested that a system of integrated pest manage- ment involving the use of mixed plantations and opportune applications of the entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin with sub- lethal doses of pirimiphos-methyl and trichlorphon can maintain a reasonably low population of H. grandella.
Ghana
According to Wagner et al. (1991), attempts to control H. robusta with systemic insecticides have been only partially successful. They recommend brushing dicrotophos onto affected parts.
Honduras
Queensland Forest Service unpublished reports indicate that sodium selenate was trialed against H. grandella in Honduras prior to 1955.
India
According to Lamb (1968), the use of sacking impregnated with insecticide was recommended for the control of H. robusta in India. Recently, spot applications of selected organophosphate insecti- cides such as dimethoate and phosphamidon have been trialed in young plantations of S. macrophylla. Logistical problems have been experienced with these trials but preliminary results indicate that phos- phamidon killed larvae in treated plants within 48 hours and dimethoate within 72 hours (Mohanadas and Varma, these Proceedings).
Indonesia
Trials with several systemic organophosphate insec- ticides have been conducted and have been more effective in reducing H. robusta attack on S. macro- phylla than have measures such as pruning of infested shoots, mixed plantings and closer spacing of trees (Rachmatsjah and Wylie, these Proceedings).
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Table 1. List of the insecticides used in attempts to control Hypsipyla spp. in the various countries, together with details of their classification, mode of action and the type of trial in which they were used. Common names are according to Thomson (1989). The names in parenthesis are those used in some of the source documents. The abbreviations used for trial types are: L = laboratory, G = greenhouse, N = nursery, P = plantation.
Common name Insecticide class Mode of action Countries where used Trial types
Tree species in trials
Acephate (orthene)
Organophosphate Contact & systemic China, Surinam, Solomon Islands
L,N,P Carapa guianensis Aubl.,
Chukrasia tabularis
A. Juss.,
Swietenia macrophylla
King Aldicarb Carbamate Systemic Costa Rica,
Papua New Guinea
G,P S. macrophylla,
Toona ciliata Roem.
Aldrin Organochlorine Contact & stomach Venezuela P Cedrela odorata L. Aminocarb Carbamate Contact, stomach
& systemic
Costa Rica G C. odorata
Azadirachtin Botanical Antifeedant, insect growth regulator
United States of America G Swietenia mahagoni Jacq. Azinphos methyl
(Gusathion)
Organophosphate Stomach & contact Australia P T. ciliata
Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbamate Contact, stomach & slight systemic
China, Cuba L,P C. odorata, C. tabularis
Carbofuran (Furadan)
Carbamate Systemic & contact Australia, Bangladesh, China, Costa Rica, Ivory Coast, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Virgin Islands G,L,N,PC. odorata, C. tabularis, Khaya spp., S. macrophylla, T. ciliata Chlordimeform (Fundal)
Organochlorine Contact China L C. tabularis
Cyfluthrin (Laser)
Pyrethroid Contact & stomach Pakistan L T. ciliata
Demeton Organophosphate Contact & systemic Costa Rica G C. odorata
DDT (rulene) Organochlorine Stomach & contact Australia, Cuba, Malaysia, Peru, Venezuela
N,P C. odorata, S. macrophylla,
T. ciliata
DDVP Organophosphate Fumigant, stomach & contact
Pakistan L T. ciliata
Dicrotophos (Bidrin)
Organophosphate Contact & systemic Costa Rica, Ghana G,P C. odorata, C. tabularis,
Khaya spp., S. macro-
phylla, T. ciliata
Dieldrin Organochlorine Contact & stomach Australia, Ivory Coast, Malaysia
N,P Khaya spp., T. ciliata,
S. macrophylla
Dimethoate (Rogor)
Organophosphate Contact & systemic Australia, Costa Rica, India, Papua New Guinea
G,P C. odorata, T. ciliata,
S. macrophylla
Dimetalan Carbamate Contact & systemic Costa Rica G C. odorata
Disulfoton Organophosphate Systemic Costa Rica, Ivory Coast G,N C. odorata, Khaya spp.
Endrin Organochlorine Contact & stomach Australia, Venezuela P C. odorata, T. ciliata
Fenchlorphos Organophosphate Systemic Costa Rica G C. odorata
Fenitrothion (Sumithion)
Organophosphate Stomach & contact Cuba N C. odorata
Fensulfothion Organophosphate Contact & systemic Costa Rica G C. odorata
Fenthion Organophosphate Contact, stomach & systemic
Costa Rica G C. odorata
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Common name Insecticide class Mode of action Countries where used Trial types
Tree species in trials
I-19 Organotin Systemic Costa Rica G C. odorata
Isolan Carbamate Systemic Costa Rica, Papua New Guinea
G,P C. odorata, T. ciliata
Lead arsenate Inorganic arsenical Stomach Australia, Peru N,P T. ciliata
Lindane (BHC) Organochlorine Stomach, contact & fumigant
Australia P T. ciliata
Malathion Organophosphate Contact Pakistan L T. ciliata
Menazon Organophosphate Systemic Costa Rica G C. odorata
Mephosfolan (Cytrolane)
Organophosphate Contact, stomach & systemic
Costa Rica G C. odorata
Methamidophos (Monitor)
Organophosphate Systemic Costa Rica G C. odorata
Methidathion (Ultracide)
Organophosphate Contact & stomach Ivory Coast N Khaya spp.
Methocrotophos (C 2307)
Organophosphate Systemic Costa Rica G C. odorata
Methomyl Carbamate Contact & systemic Costa Rica, Ivory Coast G,P C. odorata, Khaya spp.
Monocrotophos (Azodrin)
Organophosphate Systemic & contact Australia, Costa Rica, Ivory Coast
G,P C. odorata, Khaya spp.,
T. ciliata
Omethoate (Folimat)
Organophosphate Systemic Cuba N C. odorata
Oxydemeton- methyl (Metasystox)
Organophosphate Systemic & contact Costa Rica, Venezuela G,P C. odorata
Parathion Organophosphate Contact & stomach Ivory Coast, Peru, Venezuela
N,P C. odorata, Khaya spp.
Phenamiphos (Bay 68138)
Organophosphate Systemic & contact Costa Rica G C. odorata
Phorate (Thimet) Organophosphate Contact, systemic & fumigant
Australia, Costa Rica, Ivory Coast
G,N,P C. odorata, Khaya spp., S. macrophylla, T. ciliata
Phospholan (Cyolane)
Organophosphate Contact, stomach & systemic
Costa Rica G C. odorata
Phosphamidon Organophosphate Systemic & contact Australia, Costa Rica, India, Papua New Guinea
G,P C. odorata, T. ciliata,
S. macrophylla
Phoxim (Baythion)
Organophosphate Contact & stomach China L,P C. tabularis
Pirimicarb (Pirimor)
Carbamate Contact, fumigant & systemic
Costa Rica G C. odorata
Pirimiphos- methyl (Actellic)
Organophosphate Contact Cuba N C. odorata
Propoxur (aprocarb)
Carbamate Contact, fumigant & systemic
Costa Rica, Papua New Guinea
G,P C. odorata, T. ciliata
Schradan Organophosphate Systemic Costa Rica G C. odorata
Sodium selenate Inorganic Systemic Honduras
Sulfur Inorganic Fungicide, acaricide Australia N T. ciliata
Trichlorphon (Dipterex)
Organophosphate Contact, stomach & systemic
Costa Rica, Cuba, Papua New Guinea
G,N,P C. odorata, S. macrophylla,
T. ciliata
Table 1. Cont. List of the insecticides used in attempts to control Hypsipyla spp. in the various countries, together with details of their classification, mode of action and the type of trial in which they were used. Common names are according to Thomson (1989). The names in parenthesis are those used in some of the source documents. The abbreviations used for trial types are: L = laboratory, G = greenhouse, N = nursery, P = plantation.