(*Formerly 8 A–E)
In this section you cover:
c The dat. case and its uses c Time phrases
c More optatives: ̠̰̩̝ҡ̨̣̩, ̝ʰ̩̥̮̯̝ҡ̨̣̩
c Principal parts: ̡ʰ̴̬̯̝ʞ̴, ̧̡ʞ̴̟, ̧̝̩̤̝ʞ̴̩
THE DATIVE CASE
189. The forms of the dat. s. and pl. across the range of noun and adjective types you have met are as follows:
s. pl.
nom. acc. gen. dat. nom. acc. gen. dat.
1a ̞̫-̚, ѓ ̞o-ҟ̩ ̞o-Ӭ̭ ̞o-ӭ ̞o-̛̝ ̞o-қ̭ ̞o-Ԗ̩ ̞o-̝Ӻ̭
176 A Grammar, Vocabularies and Exercises for Sections One–Twenty 189
s. pl.
nom. acc. gen. dat. nom. acc. gen. dat.
Personal pronouns
189 Grammar for Section 9A–E 177
其 其
Form
(a) Dat. s. all end in -̥ (whether subscript or not).
(b) Dat. pls. all end in -̥̭ or -̮̥(̩) (but note the exceptions: ѓ̨Ӻ̩, ѿ̨Ӻ̩.) (c) Type 3 nouns:
(i) those with stems ending in -̫̩̯- have dat. pl. in -̫̰̮̥(̩), e.g. participles like ½̝̰ʞ-̴̩ with stem ½̝̰̫̩̯- produce the dat. pl. ½̝̰ʞ̫̰̮̥(̩).*
(ii) those in -̮̝̩̯- have dat. pl. in -̮̝ʢ̮̥(̩).
(iii) those with a single consonant at the end of the stem either drop it in the dat. pl. (̧̨̥̣ʞ̩, stem ̧̨̡̥̩-, dat. pl. ̧̨̡̥ʞ̮̥) or let it coalesce with the ̮ of the ending (̱̰ʞ̧̝̪, stem ̧̱̰̝̦-, dat. pl. ̱̰ʞ̧̝̪̥ [= ̱̰ʞ̧̝̦-̮̥]).
See also 359.
* Ouch! For the form ½̝̰ʞ̫̰̮̥(̩) can be either 3rd pl. pres. indic. ‘they stop’ or a m./n. dat. pl. of the pres. participle! Only context will tell you which.
EXERCISES
Select from the list according to need.
9A–E: 1. Give the meaning and dat. s. and pl. (with def. art.) of the following 1a–c type nouns:
1. ̤̝ʞ̧̝̯̯̝ 5. ̡̤̝ʞ
2. ̝ʰ½̫̬ҡ̝ 6. ̩ҡ̦̣
3. ̡ʰ̧̡̡̰̤̬ҡ̝ 7. ѳ̨ң̩̫̥̝
4. ̴̮̯̣̬ҡ̝ 8. ̯ң̧̨̝
9A–E: 2. Give the meaning and dat. s. and pl. (with def. art.) of the following 1d type nouns:
1. ̡̤̝̯̣ʞ̭ 3. ½̫̥̣̯̣ʞ̭
2. ̡̦̰̞̬̩̣ʞ̯̣̭ 4. ̮̫̱̥̮̯̣ʞ̭
9A–E: 3. Give the meaning and (where possible) dat. s. and pl. (with def. art.) of the following 3d type nouns:
1. ̯̬̥̣ʞ̬̣̭ 3. ̡̮̰̟̟̩̣ʞ̭
2. ̴̦̬̝̏ʞ̯̣̭
9A–E: 4. Give the meaning and dat. s. and pl. (with def. art.) of the following 2a–b type nouns:
1. ѓ̨ҡ̫̩̫̭ 5. ̲̬ң̩̫̭
2. ½̧̫Ӻ̫̩ 6. ̱ҡ̧̫̭
3. к̴̩̤̬½̫̭ 7. ̧ң̟̫̭
4. ̠̥̦̝̮̯̣ʞ̬̥̫̩ 8. ̡̤ң̭
9A–E: 5. Give the meaning and dat. s. and pl. in all genders of the following type
‘2-1-2’ adjectives:
1. ½̫̩̣̬ң̭ 3. ̨̥̝̬ң̭
2. ̡ʰ̡̦Ӻ̩̫̭ 4. ѷ̨̫ӥ̫̭
178 A Grammar, Vocabularies and Exercises for Sections One–Twenty 189
5. κακός 9. σός
6. σῶος 10. πολύς (N.B. irregular stem) 7. μέγιστος 11. οὗτος (N.B. irregular stem)
8. δῆλος 12. τοιοῦτος
9A–E: 6. Give the meaning and dat. s. and pl. (with def. art.) of the following type 3c nouns:
1. πάθος 3. τεῖχος
2. πλῆθος
9A–E: 7. Give the meaning and dat. s. and pl. (with def. art.) of the following 3a–b type nouns:
9A–E: 8. Give the meaning and dat. s. and pl. in all genders of the following 3rd declension and ‘3-1-3’ adjectives/participles:
1. ἀμείνων 4. θύσας
2. ἰών 5. εὐδαίμων
3. ὤν 6. τις
9A–E: 9. Give the meaning and (where possible) dat. s. and pl. (with def. art.) of the following:
1. Ζεύς 5. σύ
2. ἐγώ 6. ὀφρύς
3. ναῦς 7. γραῦς
4. βασιλεύς
9A–E: 10. Give the meaning and dat. s. and pl. (with def. art.) of the following:
1. δικαστής 5. κτῆμα
2. παῖς 6. μάχη
3. ποταμός 7. ἱερόν
4. οἴκησις 8. ἄστυ
Usage
190. The most common uses of the dat. are as follows:
(a) To express an ‘indirect object’. Indirect objects are most often found after verbs of giving or saying: they are the person or thing to whom something is given or said (or for whom something is done). In English, indirect objects are regularly introduced by ‘to’, e.g.
189–190 Grammar for Section 9A–E 179
̧̡ʞ̡̟ ̯̫Ӻ̭ ̡̤̝̯̝Ӻ̭ ‘speak to the spectators’
½̡̝̬ʞ̡̲̥ ̨̫̥ ̯̫ԉ̯̫ ‘he offers this to me’
[N.B. In English if the indirect object is sandwiched between the verb and direct object the word ‘to’ is omitted: for example, the last sentence could also be translated ‘he offers me this’.]
(b) To express the idea of possession with the verb ‘to be’, e.g.
ъ̮̯̥ ̨̫̥ ½̝̯̣ʞ̬ (lit.) ‘there is to me a father’, i.e. ‘I have a father’
(c) To show the means by which or instrument with which something is achieved, usually expressed in English with ‘by’, ‘by means of’ or ‘with’, e.g.
̧̱̰̝ʞ̨̡̯̯̫̩ ̯̫ʝ̩ ̡̟ʞ̬̫̩̯̝ ̯̫Ӻ̭ ̠̥̦̯̰ʞ̫̥̭ ‘we guard the old man with the nets’
(d) To show the way in which something is done (rather like an adverb), again usually expressed by the English ‘with’, e.g.
½̧̧̫ӭ ̮½̫̰̠ӭ ‘with much enthusiasm, enthusiastically’
(e) Certain verbs take the dat., e.g.
̲̬̝ʞ̨̫̝̥ ‘I use, have to do with, treat’
(f) Certain adjectives take the dat., e.g.
ѷ̨̫ӥ̫̭ ‘resembling, like, the same as’
(g) With prepositions, e.g.
̡ʰ̩ ‘in’
(h) Note the two expressions:
(a) ̝̰ʰ̯̫Ӻ̭ ̯̫Ӻ̭ ̧̦̝̩̤̣ҡ̫̥̭ ‘baggage and all’
(b) ̧ң̟Ԕ ̨̡ʞ̩ … ъ̬̟Ԕ ̡̠ʞ … ‘in theory … but in fact …’, i.e. out-wardly something appears to be the case, but the reality is very different.
180 A Grammar, Vocabularies and Exercises for Sections One–Twenty 190
EXERCISE
9A–E: 11. Translate into Greek:
1. It seems to Socrates 7. With our help (with the help of us) 2. I follow you (pl.) 8. I use you (s.)
3. I meet with the king 9. I follow them 4. In the ships 10. In the crowd
5. It seems to us 11. For the purpose of victory 6. In addition to the spectators 12. In word/theory … but in fact
TIME PHRASES
191. Greek can express the idea of time by the use of case alone:
Accusative (‘throughout’)
The acc. case expresses a length of time, the time throughout which some-thing happens (often expressed in English by ‘for’), e.g.
ἔμενεν ἐν τῇ oἰκίᾳ δέκα ἡμέρας ‘he stayed in the house for 10 days’
καθεύδει ὅλην τὴν νύκτα ‘he sleeps (for) the whole night’
Genitive (‘within’)
The gen. case expresses time within which something happens (generally expressed in English by ‘during’, ‘in the course of’, ‘within’ or simply ‘in’), e.g.
τῆς νυκτὸς κρίνει ‘he judges during the night/in (the course of) the night’
ἐπάνειμι δέκα ἡμερῶν ‘I shall return within/in ten days’
Dative (‘on’)
The dat. case expresses the point of time at which something happens (English ‘at, on’), e.g.
τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ ἀπῆλθεν ‘he left on the following day’
ἐπανῆλθε τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ‘he returned on the third day’, i.e. two days later
A visual representation may help:
Τhe acc. case (length of time)
may be considered as a line
Τhe gen. case as a circle
○
(the action is taking place somewhere within the circle but one doesn’t know where.)Τhe dat. case (‘point at which’) as a dot .
190–191 Grammar for Section 9A–E 181
EXERCISE
9A–E: 12. Translate into English:
1. ἀπήλθομεν τῆς νυκτός.
2. ὁ ἱκέτης ἔμενεν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ δύο ἡμέρας.
3. χωρήσω δύο ἡμερῶν.
4. ἐνέτυχεν τῳ῀ ἀνδρὶ τῇ πρώτῃ ἡμέρᾳ.
5. ἐβόα ὅλην τὴν νύκτα.
MORE OPTATIVES
192. You have already seen how -α- characterises the stem of certain verbs in the indicative, e.g. δύναμαι ‘I can’ and ἀνίσταμαι ‘I emigrate’ (177, 187). It continues to do so in the optative:
Present optative δυναίμην Present optative ἀνισταίμην
δυναίμην ἀνισταίμην
δύναιο ἀνισταῖο
δύναιτο ἀνισταῖτο
δυναίμεθα ἀνισταίμεθα
δύναισθε ἀνισταῖσθε
δύναιντο ἀνισταῖντο
PRINCIPAL PARTS
193. In order to be able to form all parts of a verb you need to be familiar with its principal parts:
c Knowledge of the fi rst person s. present form of a verb, e.g. παύω, λαμβάνω, allows you to conjugate the verb in the present and – with the addition of an augment – the imperfect as well.
c But it does not necessarily allow you to predict the future or aorist forms.
c If the verb is regular, like, παύω you can predict παύσω, ἔπαυσα, but in the case of λαμβάνω, for instance, there is no way of predicting the forms λήψομαι, ‘I shall take’, and ἔλαβον, ‘I took’.
c Once you know all these forms, however, you are able to use the future and aorist stems to form other parts of the verbs, e.g. the whole of the future indicative, the aorist indicative, the aorist participle and so on.
Greek verbs have up to six principal parts in all, three of which you have yet to meet (perfect active, perfect middle/passive and aorist passive: these will be covered in future sections). Much the most important are the three you are currently meeting: present, future, and aorist.
182 A Grammar, Vocabularies and Exercises for Sections One–Twenty 191–193